厚

The flume's design includes the selection of the material, thickness, contractibility and how to use UG to plot it.

塑料水槽的设计的内容包括制品的材料选择，壁厚的确定，收缩率的确定以及用UG软件绘制的过程。

A theoretical model of this system, which combines convection and radiation, is established in this paper.

本文建立了这一对流辐射复合换热系统的理论模型；对不同情况进行了数值计算，并做了实验研究；分析了入口气流温度、风速、板数和板厚等因素的影响；从而确立了这一类问题的计算模型，精确地预测了实验结果。

PSO is a population-based optimization algorithm, which mimics the social behavior of animals in a flock. It makes use of individual and group memory to update each particle position allowing global and local search optimization. The objective function considered was the total weight of the structure subjected to stresses, displacements and forces constraints. The effects of the parameters were investigated as well and such combination of tuning parameters promote a better global search behavior avoiding premature convergence while rapidly converging to the optimal solution. Results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with ANSYS Design Optimization Tool (zero-order method). The PSO with the tuning parameters makes it an ideal method for offshore wind turbines foundations optimization tasks.(2) A reliability analysis method for pile foundation bearing axial loads based PSOThe performance function of pile foundation's axially bearing capacity sometimes is nonlinear and complex, on the basis of geometric meaning of structural reliability index, an optimum model with PSO for structural reliability analysis under arbitrary random variables was established, The PSO algorithm is very efficient to solve global optimization problemsIts use in structural reliability field presents not only the advantage of its facility of implementation, but also the possibility to obtain the design point and the failure probability with a good accuracy. In addition, PSO is a zero order algorithm, for no derivative is necessary for its implementation.

本文的研究针对桩式海上风机基础结构的特点，在国内外有关研究成果的基础上对海上风机基础结构优化设计理论和可靠度方法一些相关问题进行了较为深入的研究，具体做了以下几个方面的工作：(1)基于粒子群优化的桩式海上风机基础确定性优化设计方法桩式海上风机基础的优化设计是一个复杂的、非线性约束的优化问题，针对传统的基于梯度信息的优化方法在处理非线性问题中易陷入局部最优解的问题，本文将一种耦合惩罚函数的PSO算法引入到海上风机基础结构概念设计中，PSO算法是从群体动物聚集觅食这一活动中受到启发而发展的，该算法利用个体和群体的信息共享不断改进自身的位置从而进行局部和全局最优搜索，本文中以桩和三脚架连接段直径及壁厚为设计变量，以基础总重量作为优化的目标函数，在给定的约束条件下建立了三脚架基础优化数学模型，另外本文还研究了PSO参数变化对结果的影响，协调的参数组合可以避免陷入早熟收敛而能够快速的获得全局的最优解，通过与ANSYS优化模块的计算结果比较验证了该方法的有效性，本方法为海上风机基础的确定性设计提供了一条有效的途径。

It's an easy matter to observe chromatic aberrations, with a thick, simple converging lens.

用一厚的简单会聚透镜很容易观察色差。

In addition, some modifications on several computational methods are also presented. Using LMTO method the electronic structure of several systems are studied, and some results are obtained. They are: The ideal Nb (100) surface has three surface states, the multi-layer relaxed surface has two surface states. The surface energy of the ideal surface is higher than that of the relaxed surface, that means that the multi-layer relaxed surface is more stable than the former one, which supports the LEED results. The mono-layer relaxed Ag (111) surface is the most stable one among several" stable surface models"presented by several researchers. The surface energy of Ag (111) surface is higher than that of surface Ag (001), which supports some experimental results such as different reaction rate at different surface orientations for the same material. The surafce states of Si (111) surface not only locate near the Fermi level, but also in the valence band, which agrees well with Cohen's conclusion. Si (111)-H is an effective model for analysing the surface states and H adsorbed on the back surface is a good method for improving the convincingness of the results obtained on thinner slab models. The surface stability depends on three different kinds of MoSi〓(001) surfaces, the surface with mono-layer Si is the most stable one, and the surface with Mo at the first layer is the most unstable one among them. These are consistant with the Kemoda's experimental results. The valence bands of clean or K adsorbed CdTe (111) surface agrees well with the synchrotron radiation studies. The surface of CdTe (111) consists of four kinds of surface models which show different surface electronic structures and different surface structure stabilities. The conclusion agrees well with Wu's experimental work. The different absorbed alkali metals on the CdTe (111) surface give different adsorption characteristics which have relations not only with the valence electrons, but also with the core ones of the alkali metals. The electonic structures of Si-C alloys are different from that of Si-Ge alloys, and the energy band gaps of Si-C alloys do not increase linearly with Carbon concentration, our conclusion supports Alexander's results, but conflicts with Soref's one.

现分述如下： LMTO方法及其应用方面：1）通过对Nb（100）表面电子态分析发现清洁理想表面有三个表面态，多层弛豫表面有两个表面态；表面能大小说明多层弛豫表面更稳定，支持了LEED结果。2）通过对采用不同方法获得的几种不同Ag（111）表面稳定结构的表面能计算分析，给出了单层弛豫表面为Ag（111）表面的最稳定结构；从Ag（111）单层弛豫表面和Ag（001）表面的表面能比较，发现了Ag（001）表面表面能要比Ag（111）小的，表明了同种物质不同表面取向将表现出不同物理、化学性质，这是与实验中得出的结论是吻合的，3）通过对Si（111）表面态分析，不仅发现了Si（111）表面不仅具有居于费米能级附近的悬挂键所对应的表面态，而且还有很多表面态位于价带能量范围内，与Cohen等结果一致，H饱和slab模型背表面相当于增加了slab层的厚度，是一有效的变相增加slab层厚的方法，弛豫表面较清洁理想表面价带谱们低能端的少许移动，预示着总能降低，说明弛豫表面较清洁理想表面稳定。4）MoSi〓具有三种表面，从费米能级上态密度值大小得到单层Si表面最稳定，Mo原子为表层原子的表面最不稳定，双层Si原子表面居中的结论，这与Kemoda等人实验结果是一致的。5）通过对CdTe（111）表面表面电子态、表面结构稳定性及表面H、碱金属吸附的电子结构系列研究，不仅得出了CdTe（111）清洁及碱金属K吸附价带谱与同步辐射光电子谱相吻合的结果，而且发现了CdTe（111）表面具有四类不同原子近邻特征，表现出四类不同的表面结构及电子结构特征：不同表面态分布、不同的表面结构稳定性（表层原子与次层原子成三键有一悬挂键的表面要比表层原子与次层原子成一键有三悬挂键稳定（与Wu等人实验结果一致））、不同的H吸附特性。

From Spring to Autumn,and when the coolish wind blows from the horizon,I write your name on the window with frost…In the empty night,the land is covered by the thick snow.

从春天到秋天，再到微凉的风从地平线那段吹起，我在起霜的玻璃窗上慢慢写你的名字……夜空辽阔，大地铺满厚的雪，骤降的气温中我依然心怀喜悦。

From spring to fall ,going to coolish wind blow from skyline ,i write down your name slowly in the efflorescent glazing ,it's expansion , ground was covered by thick snow ,i was still nourish gladness in the lower temperature.

从春天到秋天，再到微凉的风从地平线那段吹起，我在起霜的玻璃窗上慢慢写你的名字……夜空辽阔，大地铺满厚的雪，骤降的气温中我依然心怀喜悦。

From spring to autumn, to the coolish wind blowing up the horizon, I write slowly your name on the bloomed glazing… the night sky is vast, and the earth is paved fully by the snow. I am still joyful in the suddenly dropping temperature.

从春天到秋天，再到微凉的风从地平线那段吹起，我在起霜的玻璃窗上慢慢写你的名字……夜空辽阔，大地铺满厚的雪，骤降的气温中我依然心怀喜悦。

From spring to autumn, since the coolish wind breezes from the horizon, I writes down your name on the frosty glass window. The night sky is so expansion, the land covers thick snow.

从春天到秋天，再到微凉的风从地平线那段吹起，我在起霜的玻璃窗上慢慢写你的名字……夜空辽阔，大地铺满厚的雪，骤降的气温中我依然心怀喜悦。

From spring to autumn,till the coolish wind was blowed from the horizon. I wrote your name slowly on bloomed window…… Vast night sky,land was overspreaded by heavy snow,in the plummeting temperature, I could still feel happniess.

从春天到秋天，再到微凉的风从地平线那段吹起，我在起霜的玻璃窗上慢慢写你的名字……夜空辽阔，大地铺满厚的雪，骤降的气温中我依然心怀喜悦。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷