历法的

From the calendar reform of view, Xing Yunlu's work on the underlying mathematical principles of Shoushi Computus didn't go beyond the pattern of Chinese traditional calendrical astronomy, and he couldn't improve the precision of the Shoushi Computus.

从历法改革的角度来看，邢云路在立法原理方面的尝试并没有突破《授时历》的范式，对于历法推算精度的提高也没有产生实质性的影响，这为我们分析明末传统历法改革失败的原因提供了一个新的视角。

Although Xing Yunlu's work did not go beyond the mathematic level of Shoushi Computus, it had showed that higher-level mathematics knowledge is also necessary for the scholars in the Ming Dynasty to develop the traditional calendrical astronomy, and the astronomers had provided with some necessary mathematics knowledge in the late Ming Dynasty.

邢云路的此项工作表明，在明代传统天文历法中仍然需要应用较高水平的数学知识，而且历算家也具备了一定的水准，而以往认为的明代天文历法研究没有向数学提出更高要求是导致明代数学发展衰落主要原因之一的观点是需要修正的，至少到明末时期已经随着对传统历法研究的深入而对数学提出了更高的要求。

Although Xing Yunlu pointed out the disadvantage in the Shoushi Computus and the Datong Computus at the same time, he deemed that the Shoushi Computus is the most exact calendar in the Chinese traditional ones. Therefore, Xing Yunlu believed on some degree that he would realize the revival of the traditional calendrical astronomy through resuming some astronomical algorithms of the Shoushi Computus.

指出，邢云路虽然同时指出了《授时历》和《大统历》中存在的一些问题，但是他还是认为《授时历》是中国古代历法中精度最高的一部历法，所以邢云路在很大的程度上将历法复兴的希望寄托在对《授时历》的恢复上面。

We also discussed the social background while Zhu Zaiyu (1536-1600) and Xing Yunlu brought forward the suggestion of reforming the traditional calendar. Zhu Zaiyu protested compromising the Shoushi Computus and the Datong Computus to make a new calendar, but he failed in carrying out his plan of reforming the calendar. Xing Yunlu's suggestion of reforming the traditional calendar was once laid aside, but he finally obtained the chance to reform the traditional calendar in the official Astronomical Bureau of the Ming Dynasty after a few years.

对万历年间朱载堉(1536-1611)和邢云路奏请改历的背景进行讨论，指出：朱载堉和邢云路奏请改革历法与国家纂修正史的需要紧密联系，朱载堉主张对《授时历》和《大统历》进行折衷进而编制新的历法，但是他的改历建议最终没有获得采纳；邢云路主张对《大统历》进行改革，虽然曾一度受到挫折，但最终得以进入钦天监参预传统历法改革。

The Mesoamericans used a variety of calendars , none of which match the Old World calendar.

古代中美洲使用了数种历法，却没有任何一种历法和旧世界的历法相配。

We tried hard to understand his astronomical work as a whole in order to discuss more thoroughly the reason of the failure of the Chinese traditional calendrical astronomy in the calendar reform in the late Ming Dynasty.

一些学者对明末传统历法复兴的有关问题以及邢云路的天文历法工作进行过研究和探讨，该文则将邢云路的工作看作一个整体放在明末传统天文学复兴和历法改革的背景中进行细致讨论，力图对他的工作形成整体性的认识，以期深入探讨传统天文学在明末改历中失败的原因。

During the period of the activity of reforming the traditional calendar, Xing Yunlu only reformed the calendar according to the calendar idea established in his book Gujin Lüli Kao (GJLLK, Investigation into Harmonics and Calendrical Astronomy from Antiquity to the Present, c.1600). Combined with the analysis of Xing Yunlu's eclipse records collected from the Mingshilu (True Records of the Ming Dynasty) and Mingshi, we pointed out that Xing Yunlu's had not made ultimate improvement to the traditional calendar in his activity of calendar reform.

结合对邢云路在钦天监参预改历活动中预报日月食记录精度的分析，指出：以邢云路为代表的传统历法家在钦天监进行的历法改革总体来说起色不大，除在个别月食预报以及日食食分的预报结果上好于《授时历》的预报结果外，其他预报结果的精度均不如《授时历》，而且从总体上看邢云路新法的水平还不如当时行用的《大统历》，尤其是邢云路预报天启元年四月朔(1621年5月21日)日食出现差错而宣告了他依据传统历法进行改历努力的失败。

With a comprehensive analysis of the astronomical work Huan Yu Shu Yao witten byr Ma Dexin (1794-1874), a Qing minority nationality scholar who had shdied adroad, this Paper holds that the work has some distinguishing features in the research of the Hui calendar, introduction of Galileo's heliocentric theory, and observation of stars and planets. It also makes imortant achievements in drawing charts of the heliographic distributon of sunspots, the surface of the moon and the surfaces of the five big p...

该文全面剖析了我国近代最早出洋的科学家马德新的天文学著作《寰宇述要》，指出这部著作在对回回历法的研究、哥白尼学说的介绍、恒星行星观测以及太阳黑子分布图、月面图、五大行星表面图的绘制等方面均具有特色，在我国天文学史上占有一定的地位，是一部有广泛影响的我国少数民族科学家的天文学专著。

The traditional Korean calendar was based on the lunisolar calendar, like the Chinese and other East Asian calendars.

韩国传统历法是基于日月运行的一种历法，就像中国和其它亚洲国家的历法。

It was the Pope who reinstituted the practice of observing New Year's Day on January 1, regardless of the pre-Christian associations with that date.

一些天主教国家很快便开始采纳这一历法，新教徒也逐渐接受这套历法；一些信仰印度教、道教、佛教、伊斯兰教的东方国家虽然一直将这部新历法视为基督教的历法，但也都逐渐将1月1日作为自己的法定节假日。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。