历时的

None of these translations to screen and stage,however,dramatize the an archy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee,which ends with the viol ent overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order and his return t o the nineteenth century,where he apparently commits suicide after being la beled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlemen ts.

然则，在所有这些被搬上银幕和舞台的改编作品中，没有任何一部作品能生动地再现《康乃涅克州的美国佬》结尾处的无政府状态。而在原作结尾处所描述的情节是，摩根历时三年之久苦心经营的进步事业被暴力推翻，他又重返于十九世纪，在由于他的那些有关吊桥和城垛的语无伦次的唠叨而被列为疯子之后，显然自杀身亡。

In these portion,the article begins the study of tone sandhi from the point view of two-character phrases and three-character phrases,which is also the focus and difficult point as well.On the basis of substantial materials of Dingzhou dialect,the author elaborates its rules and principles of tone sandhi of the general phrases and those with light tones,and reiterative location.the author puts his views as follows: 1.The rules of tone sandhi of two- character phrase are simple and unitive. 2.The complex of the phrase with light tones lies in the combination of the first tone and light tone.In the case,there are two different pronunciations in Dingzhou dialect.The author guesses it is the coexist of ancient pronunciations and common spoken Chinese. 3.The tone sandhi of general three-character phrases on the basis of the rules of that of two- character phrases,using the grammar structure of the three-character phrases as the restricted conduction,which function jointly. 4.The rules of tone sandhi of three- character phrases with light tones are restricted only by that of the two- character phrases with light tones and thus are foreign to grammar structure. 5.The tone sandhi of the words with reiterative location has their own system.

这两章中，作者采用直接调查法，社会语言学方法分别从一般字组、含轻声字组和叠音词字组三个方面对定州方言连读变调进行详尽地描写，文章中既有对连读变调的共时性描写，也有对连读变调历时性推测，总的来讲笔者认为定州方言变调具有一定的系统性，主要表现在以下几个方面：两字组连读变调规律简单统一，含轻声字两字组内部规律较为复杂，但是具有很强的一致性；定州方言含轻声两字组变调的复杂性主要表现在阴平+轻声的组合中，在这种情况下，定州方言有两种读音方式，推测它是语音存古现象和普通话语音并存的结果；一般三字组连读变调以两字组连读变调规律为基础，以三字组的语法结构为制约条件，二者共同发生作用；轻声三字组变调规律只受轻声两字组变调规律的制约，与语法结构无关；叠音词的变调规律自成系统。

Yet in tracing the history of this association, it certainly does not seem to have suggested itself to very early thought, but is rather the offspring of a comparatively late philosophy It is remarkable too that the "equality" of laws on which the Greek democracies prided themselves —— that equality which, in the beautiful drinking song of Callistratus, Harmodius and Aristogiton are said to have given to Athens-had little in common with the "equity" of the Romans.

但在探求这种联想的来历时，我们当然还不能证明它是一种早期的思想，它只是比较后来的一种哲学的产物，同时也必须注意，希腊民主政治用以夸耀的法律"平等"——这种平等，在卡利斯屈拉得斯（Galli -stratus）的美丽的酒歌中，据说是哈马笛斯和阿利斯托杰顿给予雅典人的——与罗马人的"衡平"很少共同之处。

Based on the rich historical soil and macrostructure of society, this thesis draws from the perspective of sociology on Lucien Goldmann's sociologictheory on novels-happenstantialistic structuralism, chooses structure as the key point of tangency with respect to the change of viewpoint following the sociologic imagination, andthus focuses on the interpretation of sociology on both the Chinese and Western novels by analyzing the social spirits and cultural spirits. From the standpoint of successive longitudinal happenstantialism and conexisting horizontal structuralism, the thesis also endeavors to understand and interpret the complicated relationship between novel structure and spiritual structure of sodiety from the external to the internal, thus systematically illustrates the deep relationship between novels and society.

论文将小说置于社会学视野内，立足深厚的历史土壤，依据宏观的社会构架，发挥社会学的想象力，借鉴吕西安·戈德曼"发生学结构主义"小说社会学理论，选择"结构"作为遵循社会学想象力进行视角转换的重要切入点，着重从社会精神和文化精神的层面对中西小说进行社会学的阐释；在历时纵向发生学和共时横向结构主义的视阈中，由此及彼，由表及里，"理解"和"解释"小说结构与社会精神结构间的复杂关系，进而系统地阐明小说与社会的深层关系。

Moreover, Alice's adventure, with its un-sequential events—as the plot "murdered time" in story suggests—creates a time without its chronological flowing, but a time suspended. The time is on the one hand a moment that suspensive, and is a most intensive instant on the other hand, where all the forces encounter, resonate and emit at this ultimate second. Thus, the Dream becomes a purely intensive world, and Alice is the continuum of intensities which constitutes by dynamically linked events.

另一方面，爱丽丝的冒险由各种不连续的事件构成，正如故事中「时间被谋杀」的情节所示，时间不再呈现历时性的流动，取而代之的是一个介於进入与离开的钟摆低点时刻，这个低点瞬间既是一个不动的时间切片，也是强度最大的时刻，一切能量於此互相角力或各自散射，而梦境成为一处纯粹的强度世界，爱丽丝则是由诸事件的动态串联所组成的强度连续体。

By the field survey which lasting a period of 3 grown seasons and by the means of remote sense and geographic information system, we ascertain the present vegetation pattern of Hunshan-Dake sand land, find out vegetation distribution principles on the different scales in the same time . From west to east, with the increasing of dry degree, the type of plant community changed form the xeric to the mesic. The vegetation of Sand land shows the characteristic of the zonal vegetation, but dont consistent with the traditional diversification principle. The vegetation of the middle part displays a high differential characteristic, which compresses the longitudinal zonation at a certain extent. So we can say that sand land vegetation is semi-zonal.

通过对浑善达克沙地历时三个生长季的地面考察并应用遥感及地理信息系统等手段，确定了浑善达克沙地植被分布现状及浑善达克沙地植被在不同尺度下的分异规律：由西向东，沙地植被随着干燥度的降低，由旱生群落为主的区段递变为以中生群落为主的区段，表现出具有一定的地带性植被特征，但与传统的地带性植被的递变规律不相一致，沙地中段的植被表现出了高度的特异性，在一定程度上压缩了植被的经向地带性，表现出沙地特有的地带性分布规律，所以认为沙地植被是一种半地带性植被。

Based on the rich historical soil and macrostructure of society, this thesis draws from the perspective of sociology on Lucien Goldmann's sociologictheory on novels-happenstantialistic structuralism, chooses structure as the key point of tangency with respect to the change of viewpoint following the sociologic imagination, andthus focuses on the interpretation of sociology on both the Chinese and Western novels by analyzing the social spirits and cultural spirits. From the standpoint of successive longitudinal happenstantialism and conexisting horizontal structuralism, the thesis also endeavors to understand and interpret the complicated relationship between novel structure and spiritual structure of sodiety from the external to the internal, thus systematically illustrates the deep relationship between novels and society.

论文将小说置于社会学视野内，立足深厚的历史土壤，依据宏观的社会构架，发挥社会学的想象力，借鉴吕西安·戈德曼&发生学结构主义&小说社会学理论，选择&结构&作为遵循社会学想象力进行视角转换的重要切入点，着重从社会精神和文化精神的层面对中西小说进行社会学的阐释；在历时纵向发生学和共时横向结构主义的视阈中，由此及彼，由表及里，&理解&和&解释&小说结构与社会精神结构间的复杂关系，进而系统地阐明小说与社会的深层关系。

Recalling this experience, he stated,"visiting trumpet shell gorge for me is not only a magnificent tour of life, but also a experience of soul cleansing…… Whenever the Gong-ga snow mountain appears in my dream, I would arise spontaneously endless joy, and I would make a consider quietly and serenely what's the meaning of life……" Therefore, we can conclude that the plateau which is thousands miles away is the origin of Li-lei's poetic abstract works which produced in the survival space of Shanghai metropolis.

他在回忆那段经历时说：&游海螺沟对我来说不仅是一次生命的壮游，更是一次灵魂的涤荡……每当贡嘎山那雪白的影子从我梦里浮现时，我都会油然而生出无限的喜悦，在静谧与安详中思考：生从何处来，死往何处去……&也许由此能够理解，在上海都市生存空间中之所以能诞生李磊那些充满诗性的抽象艺术作品，原来其源头是在遥远的千里之外的高原之上。

The Shangluo dialects are very complicated because of immigration. The local dialects belong to the north dialects, while the guest dialects belong to the south dialects. The local dialects develop faster than the guest dialects, the latter are relatively conventional. In fact their differences of phonetics structure at synchronic planes just reflect each phase of Chinese dialects at historical planes. The third chapter studies the phonological structure and historical changes from intiai consonant simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable and tone on the base of the synchronic planes, consulting QieYun and ZhongYuan phonology.

商洛方言由于移民原因具有复综性的特点，本地话属北方方言，客户话属南方语系，相比之下本地话发展较快与北方官话基本一致，而客户话就显得保守一些存古的东西更多，共时平面的差异实际上反映了汉语方言历时层面的不同阶段，第三章基于商洛方言共时平面的特点，参照《切韵》和《中原音韵》，从声母、韵母、声调三个方面研究了商洛方言的音韵结构和历史演变，并对汉语史的某些语音现象做了相应地解释。

At last, on the basis of research results above, several sets transmission housings were made successfully by core assembly process and snap flask molding process, all the processes were completed within two weeks, including master patterns design, numerical simulation, SL patterns fabrication and sand casting.

将上述研究成果应用于变速箱壳体的快速砂型铸造，通过组芯造型与活砂造型这两种复杂造型方法，成功完成变速箱壳体的小批量试制；整个过程历时两周，完成从CAD模型的设计修改、SL原型制造以及砂型铸造的所有工作，充分验证了SL原型应用于砂型铸造的可行性，降低了复杂壳体类零件响应市场的时间。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。