历史观察

This is a kind of dialectical concept of history. The classical historiography of Greece also emphasizes"change", but it treats the evolution of history in the light of permanent"unchangeability", i. e. it employs a somewhat metaphysical concept.

希腊古典史学也重视"变"，但它是从一个恒定"不变"的基点出发去观察历史的演变，这是一种带有形而上学思想的历史观。

The reform of the civil procuratorial supervision system at present should deviate from outmoded conventions, eliminate unconformable characteristics, and establish new pattern of the procuratorial supervision.

一、民事检察监督的模式根据笔者的观察，检察机关的法律监督模式，从历史到现实，可以抽象出四种模式：其一，国家干预型监督模式，简称"干预型模式"。

Such CuO coatings have been observed by Applicant on historical laboratory wire at the Science Museum at Oxford University, UK, and on copper house wire of that era in the US, indicating that CuO coatings were commonplace.

这种CuO的涂料已观察到申请人对历史实验室钢丝在科学馆在牛津大学，英国，及对铜导线内务那个时代，在美国，这表明CuO的涂料司空见惯。

Man's motivation and behavior drives a game particle, by placing it at the different positions of A and B, as a result of the decision based on the a gamer's mentality, observation, and action on the relationship among the numerous chessmen.

人的行为驱动一个博弈棋子，摆放在AB不同的位置，这是一个博弈人心灵、观察并作用在历史众多粒子关系的决定。

Man's motivation and behavior drives a game particle, by placing it at the different positi** of A and B, as a result of the decision based on the a gamer's mentality, observation, and action on the relati**hip among the numerous chessmen.

人的行为驱动一个博弈棋子，摆放在AB不同的位置，这是一个博弈人心灵、观察并作用在历史众多粒子关系的决定。

This paper is not intended to revert the original idea of Dan Kiley,but to try to present a viewpoint so as to observe the landscape master and his works in the historical vein instead of being observed independently.

本文不试图还原凯利的本意，而是尝试提供一个视角，将景观设计师及其作品放到历史的脉络中而非孤立地进行观察，借此为整体性地理解西方园林提供帮助。

This paper therefore examines the development of "the folklore Pai-Chang of Peking opera aria in Tainan city" through literature review depth-interview oral history and participant observation The concept frame is culture organism as the vertical axle and elements of a folklore activity as the transverse axle There are several significant findings about the general picture of this subject: During the late period of Japanese colonial era Tainan local people who played Peguan music learned Peking opera aria and tried to bring Peking opera aria into the folklore Pai-Chang which was one kind performance and traditional custom of Peguan music Some people who came from other places and played Peking opera aria had also known or learned "Pai-Chang" with touching Tainan local amateurs "Pai-Chang" used to be performed by amateurs for worship of god or goddess or for seasoning and wedding celebration without rewards Amateurs volunteered to perform "Pai-Chang" only for their duty temples and fraternity of Peking opera aria The majority of the audience is people who perform or like "Pai-Chang" or who live nearby There is a fixed pattern of the performance including the repertoire and the arrangement of the band The main meaning of this performace is to pray God's blessings therefore the procedure of "Ban-Hsian" is the most essential and ahead of Peking opera aria singing With time goes by the number of the amateurs has dropped; yet the demand for the worship ceremony remains; hence some of the amateurs have been trained to become professional performers Besides although the idea and the meaning of "Pai-Chang" remains the pattern of the performance has become simplified and rigid which is because of the performers' number decreasing and market adapting Nowadays the whole ecosystem of the folklore Pai-Chang of Peking opera aria in Tainan city keep changing which is mainly influenced by the transition of the society(such as the time and space of the industrial and commercial society being compressed and most people's pursuing of specialization and utilitarianism etc ) According to the findings in this paper the phenomenon can be regarded as the subject matter both of Peking opera and folklore studies For the studies of the Taiwanese culture however the subject not only enriches the subject matters of the Taiwanese culture(signifies the localization of Peking opera and a new pattern of Taiwanese folklore) but also reflects the characters of diversification integration adaptation and compromise of Taiwanese culture which used to be influenced by different regimes and the historical contexts Facing such a multicultural context this paper thus suggests researchers should show an open-minded attitude toward the complex of the Taiwanese culture studies and then important phenomenon would not be ignored or misunderstood

代表了什麼意义？对於上述疑惑，查既有研究成果，不消没有论述者，具体提即「京调排场」现象的可说没有，基於此，有必要对台南市及其周边之民俗性京调排场，不管是语汇来由或者其现象本身，做一番研究。本研究透过文献、访谈、口述史、参与观察等方法，以文化有机体之纵的发展概念为经，以民俗表演之横切面各主客要素为纬，试图先对此文化现象调查并推论出一概貌：台南市民俗性京调排场的形成，是在京调传入台南，台南本地北管子弟改习或兼习京调后，结合北管音乐文化所固有的排场表演型态及民俗演出传统，融合而成，形成时间至迟在日治晚期。而一些不同时期的外来京调人士(如原本生长於其他地区、后移住台湾的票友，和中国大陆琴师等等)，也曾透过与当地子弟的接触，而习得或知晓「排场」语汇以及本地京调排场习俗者。此项音乐民俗表演在过往多由业余子弟於神诞或民众婚俗做寿时，对其有义务或交陪的庙宇及子弟间做酬酢性的演出，不收报酬；聆赏者多是京调同好与邻近民众，也有少数路过者；演出模式包括节目安排、乐队编制皆有一定；表演意涵上以「扮仙」祈求神明赐福人间最为重要，因此排仙必不可少，且一定先於京调演唱。随著时间推移，京调排场表演活动的各要素都有变动，惟变迁速度不一，大体而言，业余表演者锐减，人们对酬神娱神节目的需求仍在，因此一些过往的业余表演者遂逐渐转型为职业表演者。此外，虽然表演意涵不变，但在职业表演人员少、又要适应市场的情况下，表演模式亦逐渐流於简化、僵化。目前京调排场整体生态仍在转变的过程中，而这种变化应与工商社会时间空间的被压缩、事事追求专业化与尼Q化等因素有关。再者，据此概貌，在结论部分厘清其意义、定位以及其对台湾文化研究之启示。台南市及其周边之民俗性京调排场现象，可视为京剧研究与民俗研究的一环，然而对於台湾文化研究，除了其题材本身标志了京剧的本土化与台湾民俗活动之新类型，进一步扩充整体台湾文化研究的内容外，更重要的是现象背后所反映的台湾文化的多元融合与妥协适应取向。台湾的海岛地理位置与长期被不同文化背景政权所殖民的历史，其文化自然容易随社会环境改变而弹性适应变迁，呈现多元纷呈、多重覆叠的特色，因此展望未来，从事台湾文化研究应秉除单一观点，保持一定程度之开放与客观胸襟，方不忽视或误识更多重要的文化现象。

And the oral research of Chinese contemporary history of linguistics can be regarded as a by-product of this polaristic trend in historiography.

本项研究的目的在于用新的视点和新的方法观察并研究中国现当代语言学的发展史，汇集那些曾经为中国现当代语言学的发展做过贡献的前辈学者的学术成果，从而更清楚地了解中国语言研究的历史和现状。

The "unsampled pig herd" theory was suggested by Smith and his colleagues, who concluded that "the progenitor of the S-OIV epidemic originated in pigs", and the "long unsampled history observed for every segment" of the S-OIV genome "suggests that the reassortment of Eurasian and North American swine lineages may not have occurred recently, and it is possible that this single reassortant lineage has been cryptically circulating rather than two distinct lineages of swine flu", and that "Movement of live pigs between Eurasia and North America seems to have facilitated the mixing of diverse swine influenzas, leading to the multiple reassortment events associated with the genesis of the S-OIV strain."

&无取样猪群&论，由Smith和他的同事提出，断定&流行猪源流感病毒的祖辈起源于猪&，猪源流感病毒基因上&观察到的每一个基因片断长期无样本历史&表明，&欧亚族和北美族猪流感病毒重配可能没有在最近发生，也许这种重配病毒已经神秘传播，而不是两个不同族猪流感病毒&，而且&在欧亚大陆与北美之间的生猪运输似乎促进了不同的猪流感病毒混合，导致了和猪源流感病毒毒株基因关联的多重配事件。&

The "unsampled pig herd" theory was suggested by Smith and his colleagues who concluded that "the progenitor of the S-OIV epidemic originated in pigs" and the "long unsampled history observed for every segment" of the S-OIV genome "suggests that the reassortment of Eurasian and North American swine lineages may not have occurred recently and it is possible that this single reassortant lineage has been cryptically circulating rather than two distinct lineages of swine flu" and that "Movement of live pigs between Eurasia and North America seems to have facilitated the mixing of diverse swine influenzas leading to the multiple reassortment events associated with the genesis of the S-OIV strain."

&无取样猪群&论，由Smith和他的同事提出，断定&流行猪源流感病毒的祖辈起源于猪&，猪源流感病毒基因上&观察到的每一个基因片断长期无样本历史&表明，&欧亚族和北美族猪流感病毒重配可能没有在最近发生，也许这种重配病毒已经神秘传播，而不是两个不同族猪流感病毒&，而且&在欧亚大陆与北美之间的生猪运输好像促进了不同的猪流感病毒混合，导致了和猪源流感病毒毒株基因关联的多重配事件。&

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。