历史学派

Several early 14th-century theorists referred to the idea of an Ars Antiqua, represented primarily by Franco, and an Ars Nova instituted by Philippe de Vitry(see, for instance, CoussemakerS, iii, 371,408),but in historical terms the usefulness of the idea is supported more by the treatise Ars novae musicae(c1320)of Johannes de Muris, the 1324-5bull lf Pope John XXII decrying the musicians who were 'novellae scholae discipuli' and the reference in Jacobus of Liege's Speculum musice to 'moderni cantores' and to'aliquinunc novi'.

一些十四世纪早期的理论家已经谈到以弗朗科为首要代表的古艺术的观念，新艺术是由维特利建立起来的，但从历史角度来看，这一观念的实用价值更多是由穆里斯的论文《新音乐艺术》、1324-1325年教皇若望二十二世贬斥那些"信奉新学派"的音乐家们的训令，以及列日的雅各布的《音乐明鉴》中所提到的"当代歌手"和"一些现在的认识"支撑着。

The subject of translation has come of age, and there are many different approaches, different schools and different perspectives.

翻译这一学科已有一定的历史了，而且曾出现过许多不同的方法、学派以及观点。

In the development of historic comparative linguistics, the rising of new grammar school has epoch-making significance.

19世纪下半叶，正当历史比较语言学以自然主义和进化论为旗帜，如日中天之时，以德国莱比锡大学一些青年语言学者为代表的新语法学派向学术主流提出了尖锐的挑战。

Meanwhile, the intellectual study in western countries developed quickly with the characteristics of modern society. The theory and methods of Historical Comparative Linguistics were developed and perfected; General Linguistics appeared; and the theory of New Grammar was completed.

西方各国的学术研究此时已出现现代社会特征：历史比较语言学的理论和方法得到发展和完善，普通语言学出现，新语法学派的理论形成。

Logical atomism that has some significance more or less which requires us to think about seriously, like any significant philosophical ideology includes three points:(1) logical atomism developed Ernst March's comtism;(2) It directly affected Vienna Circle on behalf of logical comtism and the philosophy of language analysis;(3) It suggested the scientific realistic approach and rational approach.fourth, the difficult and reason of searching certain knowledge of logical atomism.

逻辑原子主义同历史上任何有影响的哲学思想一样，或多或少有一些价值值得我们认真对待和参考，主要包括三点：(1)逻辑原子主义发展了马赫的实证主义；(2)它直接影响了以维也纳学派为代表的逻辑实证主义和后来的语言分析哲学；(3)它体现了科学的求实精神和理性精神。四、逻辑原子主义寻求确定性知识的困难及其原因考察。

The work is naturally very difficult, in history, Chinese left incalculable explorers footmark and many school's thought.

这一工作自然是非常困难的，在历史的长河中，中国人留下的是无数探索者的足迹和很多的学派

Yet, with the possible exception of Europe, history has moved in Seymour's direction rather than Bierce's. The great secular ideologies of the 19th and early 20th centuries—from Marxism to Freudianism—have faded while Seymour's spirit-filled version of Christianity has flourished.

然而，可能除了欧洲之外，历史是在西摩所指的方向，而不是比尔斯所指的方向上前行。19世纪和20世纪早期的主要世俗意识形态——从马克思主义到佛洛伊德学派——都已经衰败，而西摩那被圣灵充满的基督教则兴旺发达。

Hebert· Marercause (1898—1979),the most important, most famous representative figure of Frankfort School, is a humanism scholar who has radical critical spirit and grave historical sense of duty at the same time.

马尔库塞(Hebert·Marercause， 1898—1979)法兰克福学派最重要、最著名的代表人物，同时也是一位具有激进批判精神和深重历史责任感的人本主义学者。

Lukacs' History and Class Consciousness had impacted both Mannheim and Frankfurt School.

卢卡奇的《历史与阶级意识》对曼海姆与法兰克福学派思想的形成都有重要影响。

The poetics under the influences of Zhuang Zi's ideas formed one kind of transcendental system, and had made contributions in the problems of language and meanings; the Confucian school was on the contrary, they concerned the real time people lived in, so people's activities and the active history were the subject of poetics, and"poetry expresses the mind"was the most typical reflection of this kind of system of poetics; Plato thought that time derived from the eternal idea, he constructed his system of poetics about the "mnemonics"of the idea on the base of this concept of time; Aristotle said that poetry was the imitation of human activities, his famous theory of"mimesis"was built on the"real"activities of human beings.

庄子观念影响下的诗学，形成了一套超验的隐喻体系，在言和意问题上作出了独到的贡献；以孔子为代表的儒家学派则与此相反，关注的是人生存的现实时间，人的行动及行动的历史成为诗学的主体，"诗言志"是这一诗学体系的最典型体现；柏拉图认为时间来源于永恒的理念，他以此为基础建立了对理念的"回忆"的诗学体系；亚理斯多德认为诗应该是对人的行动的模仿，他的著名的"模仿"理论便建立在人在"实在"中的行动上。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。