历史学派

However, at Yuan dynasty and earlier Ming dynasty, Muslin distributed over all china and gather partly. Muslin who gather together in Nanjing and the station of special economy, politics and culture had brought up Zhangzhong (born at Suzhou, studing at Nanjing), Wangdaiyu, Liuzhi, Mazhu, Jintianzhu, etc, who are familiar with four religions and are scholar of Jingling school of thought of Chinese Islamism .They deeply thought of theirselves'nationality and their religion by highly sense of historical mission and sense of duty. They initiated"explaining Alcoran with Confusion"movement. The movement and it's practice essencely is the talk, interflow and mix between Islam civilization and Chinsese Confusion idea.

然而，元及明前期穆斯林的大分散与小集中、金陵城下穆斯林的大集中以及明清之际南京地区特殊的区域经济、政治、文化地位催生了张中(虽是苏州人，但是学在南京)、王岱舆、刘智、马注、金天柱等"四教兼通"的"中国伊斯兰教金陵学派"的学者，他们以高度的历史使命感和责任感，开始了对本民族及其所信仰宗教在我国存在与发展的深沉思考，并发起了"以儒诠经"运动，"以儒诠经"运动及其实践就其本质而言是伊斯兰文明和中国儒家文明历史上的一次重要对话、交流与融合。

The first chapter is on the universal understanding of art and the anthropological specific meanings of art.

第二章探讨了二战进化论学派和历史特殊论学派的艺术人类学研究，这一时期主要关注艺术的起源、风格形式的分布和演变，侧重对艺术的物质性存在、艺术的技术和技巧。

In its early development common law was largely a product of three English courts—King's Bench, Exchequer, and the Court of Common Pleas—which competed successfully against other courts for jurisdiction and developed a distinctive body of doctrine. The term "common law" is also used to mean the traditional, precedent-based element in the law of any common-law jurisdiction, as opposed to its statutory law or legislation, and also to signify that part of the legal system that did not develop out of equity, maritime law, or other special branches of practice.

关于普通法的历史基础和传统在英国法律史学家S·F·C·密尔松的《普通法的历史基础》和美国法理学家卡尔·N·卢埃林的《普通法的传统》中已经说得十分清楚，而对于普通法之所以有如此强大的生命力的根源以及普通法的精神，美国社会法学学派创始人、美国哈佛大学法学院院长罗斯科·庞德（Roscoe·Pound）则在其《普通法的精神》一书中进行了精辟的阐述。

This paper introduces the historical and methodological background and the basic ideas of the Freiburg School, and the links between it and German Social Market Economy.

本文首先介绍弗莱堡学派的历史背景及其方法论，然后叙述弗莱堡学派和德国社会市场经济之间的联系。

Its focus on theory of value philosophy and history of philosophy, founded by the Freiburg School also known as the value of neo-Kantian school.

其哲学思想集中在价值论和历史哲学方面，所创立的弗赖堡学派又被称为新康德主义的价值学派。

The trend of thought of new social history of Britain has comprehensive and profound historiographical origin at home and abroad.

笼统地说来，从20世纪五六十年代起，&英国一些史学家以马克思主义理论为指导，吸收其他社会科学的新观念和新方法来研究英国历史，极大地拓宽了历史研究的领域，更新了研究方法，到70年代，逐渐形成了新社会史学派。&

Like the British diffusionists, however, the Kulturkreis school provided little documentation for the historical relationships it assumed.

不过，就像英国学派一样，Kulturkreis学派也无法提供更多的资料来支撑他所假设的文化间的历史相关性。

Schmidt\'s understanding of Marx and Marxism emphasizes the social historical character of the concept of nature of Marx; And he argues that the philosophy of Marx aims at the criticism of "the second nature of nature" and the nonidentity of the subject and the object, because the biggest secret of the ideology lies in the identity, and in the philosophy the most core identity is the identity of the subject and the object, Schmidt reiterated ideology critique, which is the important subject of the Frankfurt school and even the entire West Marxism; He also elaborated the relation between Marx\'s natural view and the Marxian socialism theory.

他十分重视结合马克思的社会历史理论、经济理论来考察自然概念，充分强调马克思自然概念的社会历史特征；突出批判&第二自然&与坚持主客体非同一性问题，因为意识形态的最大秘密在于同一性，哲学上最核心的同一性就是主体与客体同一性，所以施密特重申了法兰克福学派乃至整个西方马克思主义的重要主题——意识形态批判；他阐述了马克思的自然观与马克思社会主义学说的关系，围绕人和自然的关系问题探讨了马克思和一切乌托邦的联系和区别。

The author forms a relative systematic and regional construction, which based on the research of Frankfurt School and Birmingham School and so on. From the longitudinal view, the development of mass culture in China can be divided into two parts-the initiation in 1980's and the growth in 1990's.

在批判地吸收西方包括法兰克福学派和文化研究学派等相关研究成果的基础上，作者结合中国大众文化的具体历史与现实状况，形成了一个较为系统的、本土化的研究框架。

This article is based on the arrangement and appraisal of academic thought and practice of Richard Hoggart—the founder of the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies, trying to explore the historical background of the rise and development of British Cultural Studies, and investigating the basic academic position and the research characteristic of the early cultural studies.

本文将以教育这一特殊视角来探寻西方文化研究的源头，在当时英国知识分子的知识实践和时代追问中理解文化研究产生的必然性及其重大意义，置身于当时的历史文化语境，对伯明翰学派的奠基者——理查德·霍加特的学术思想和教育实践进行梳理和评价，试图发掘英国文化研究兴起及发展的历史机缘和时代意义，并以此来进一步探究早期文化研究的基本学术主张和研究特色。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。