历史

The absence of romance in my history will, I fear, detract somewhat from its interest; but if it be judged useful by those inquirers who desire an exact knowledge of the past as an aid to the interpretation of the future, which in the course of human things must resemble if it does not reflect it, I shall be content.

我生怕，由于我写的历史中没有传奇影响了读者的兴趣；但是对于想要查明过去确切历史理解未来的人有用处，我会非常高兴的，在人类历史过程中，事物的发展如果不是完全相同的话，也是一定是非常相似的。

This seminar introduces methods for the structural analysis of historical monuments, including masonry, timber, iron, steel, and concrete structures. Short lectures will be followed by discussion sessions, together with weekly readings and a series of smaller assignments. Each student will write a final paper on a topic of their choosing. Final papers may be predominantly historical, with structural analysis to support the main arguments, or predominantly structural, with historical analysis to provide context.

概论该课程介绍了对历史丰碑上有名建筑的结构分析方法，涵盖了石材、木材、钢材、铁和混凝土结构等，课堂内以讨论的形式进行（结合每周的阅读和一系列小作业），每个学生自选主题写一篇论文作为期末论文，论文需用结构分析的方式去论证主要观点以体现显著的历史性，或者以历史分析的方式结合历史环境去表达其显著的结构特点。

This seminar introduces methods for the structural analysis of historical monuments, including masonry, timber, iron, steel, and concrete structures. Short lectures will be followed by discussion sessions, together with weekly readings and a series of smaller assignments. Each student will write a final paper on a topic of their choosing. Final papers may be predominantly historical, with structural analysis to support the main arguments, or predominantly structural, with historical analysis to provide context.

概论该课程介绍了对历史丰碑上有名建筑的结构分析方法，涵盖了石材、木材、铁、钢材和混凝土结构等，课堂内以讨论的形式进行（结合每周的阅读和一系列小作业），每个学生自选主题写一篇论文作为期末论文，论文需用结构分析的方式去论证主要观点以体现显著的历史性，或者以历史分析的方式结合历史环境去表达其显著的结构特点。

He ordered the historiographers' institute to compile The List of Martyrized Officials of Last Dynasty and Biography of Disloyal Officials, He re-enforced the thoughts of traditional virtues by means of praising and honoring those martyrdoms of Ming Dynasty as well as denouncing those traitors.

他谕令史馆编纂《胜朝殉节诸臣录》、《贰臣传》，通过褒奖明末殉节之士，贬斥降清失义之臣，倡导忠义，风励臣节，借助明末清初历史来阐发自己的君臣关系论，适时转换道德角色，重新审论历史上的重要现象和人物，并作出符合清廷根本利益的理论解释，巧妙地把历史与现实统治结合在一起。

Often I have visited the New York Museum of Natural History to touch with my hands many of the objects there exhibited, but I have longed to see with my eyes the condensed history of the earth and its inhabitants displayed there-animals and the race of men pictured in their native environment, gigantic carcasses of dinosaurs and mastodons which roamed the earth long before man appeared, with his tiny stature and powerful brain, to conquer the animal kingdom, realistic presentations of the processes of evolution in animals, in man, and in the implements which man has used to fashion for himself a secure home on this planet, and a thousand and one other aspects of natural history.

我经常到纽约自然历史博物馆去，用双手无数次地抚摸过那里陈列的展品，我多么渴望能用自己的眼睛看一看这浓缩的地球的历史，以及陈列在那里的地球上的居民--各种动物和以他们生活的天然环境为背景描绘的不同肤色的人种；以及早在人类出现以前就漫游在地球上的恐龙和柱牙象的巨大骨架，当时的人类靠自己矮小的身躯和发达的大脑征服了动物的王国；还有表现动物和人类进化过程的逼真画面，和人类用来为自己在这个星球上建造安全居处的工具，以及另外许许多多自然历史的其他方面的事物。

With my hands many of the objects there exhibited, but I have longed to see with my eyes the condensed history of the earth and its inhabitants displayed there-animals and the race of men pictured in their native environment, gigantic carcasses of dinosaurs and mastodons which roamed the earth long beforeman appeared, with his tiny stature and powerful brain, to conquer the animal kingdom, realistic presentations of the processes of evolution in animals, in man, and in the implements which man has used to fashion for himself a secure home on this planet, and a thousand and one other aspects of natural

我经常到纽约自然历史博物馆去，用双手无数次地抚摸过那里陈列的展品，我多么渴望能用自己的眼睛看一看这浓缩的地球的历史，以及陈列在那里的地球上的居民——各种动物和以他们生活的天然环境为背景描绘的不同肤色的人种；以及早在人类出现以前就漫游在地球上的恐龙和柱牙象的巨大骨架，当时的人类靠自己矮小的身躯和发达的大脑征服了动物的王国；还有表现动物和人类进化过程的逼真画面，和人类用来为自己在这个星球上建造安全居处的工具，以及另外许许多多自然历史的其他方面的事物。

Often I have visited the New York Museum of Natural History to touch with my hands many of the objects there exhibited but I have longed to see with my eyes the condensed history of the earth and its inhabitants displayed there animals and the races of men pictured in their native environment;gigantic carcasses of dinosaurs and mastodons which roamed the earth long before man appeared with his tiny stature and powerful brain to conquer the animal kingdom;realistic presentations of the processes of development in animals in man and in the implements which man has used to fashion for himself a secure home on this planet;and a thousand and one other aspects of natural history.

我经常参观纽约自然历史博物馆，用手触摸过那里展出的许多物品，但是我多么渴望能用自己的眼睛看一看这经过浓缩的地球历史，以及陈列在那里的地球居民——各种动物以及处于本土环境对不同种族的描摹；看看恐龙巨大的骨架和早在人类出现以前就漫游在地球上的柱牙象，人类就是靠渺小的身躯和发达的大脑征服了动物王国；看看那些展现动物和人类进化过程的逼真画面，和人类用来为自己在这个星球上建造安全居所的那些工具；还有自然历史中许许多多其他方面的东西。

Often I have visited the New York Museum of Natural History to touch with my hands many of the objects there exhibited, but I have longed to see with my eyes the condensed history of the earth and its inhabitants displayed there - animals and the races of men pictured in their native environment; gigantic carcasses of dinosaurs and mastodons which roamed the earth long before man appeared, with his tiny stature and powerful brain, to conquer the animal kingdom; realistic presentations of the processes of development in animals, in man, and in the implements which man has used to fashion for himself a secure home on this planet; and a thousand and one other aspects of natural history.

当然，通过博物馆，我已多次去参观过纽约自然历史博物馆，用我手去触摸那里陈列的许多物件。但我渴望亲眼看到地球和那里陈列的地球上居民的浓缩历史－－－在他们自然环境里展示出的动物和人类种族；曾在人类出现之前，很早就在地球上漫游的巨大恐龙和柱牙象骨架，人类以他小巧的身材和强有力的大脑征服了动物王国；动物，人类和人类工具的发展过程的逼真展现，人类曾用这些工具在这个星球上来建造他们安全的家园，还有其它许许多多的自然历史方面。

So their narrations to this generationof"1968"constitute a memory of life time of individual to historical time.

作为&1968&这一标志性年代的经历者与事件的参与者，她们的经历不仅以其共时性呈现历史的真实面目，而且还因为同一性别的原因，她们在历史的年轮中刻写的是女性作为历史的遭遇者与经历者的生命意义与价值。

"History", said Cicero,"illuminates reality, vitalises memory, provides guidance in daily life."

西塞罗说：&历史能明理，历史能重现过去，历史让生命知所趋赴&。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。