卵黄

The yolk proteins were collected through the anatomization of the maiden eggs and the eggs in different embryo development stages. The yolk proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and followed the image analysis. Over 203 protein spots were found to exist in the yolk protein of silkworm eggs. Some different patterns of yolk protein spots were found in silkworm of various varieties. While, little variation of yolk proteins was detected during different development stages of any silkworm variety.

采用直接解剖蚕卵获取卵黄蛋白，结合蛋白质双向电泳和图像分析，对家蚕处女蛾卵及不同胚胎发育阶段蚕卵的卵黄蛋白质进行了研究，发现家蚕卵黄蛋白有 203 个蛋白质斑点；不同家蚕品种之间卵黄蛋白的组成存在一些差异；同一品种不同发育时期胚胎卵黄蛋白的组成基本保持不变。

In ovary, PNA receptors appeared in the oocyte cytoplasm of second phases of oogenesis; the positive granules gradually increased from third to forth phases, and they exhibit a maximum expression before vitellogennic stage in cytoplasm of oocyte; from vitellogennic stage to chorionation stage, the positive granules gradually reduced. Binding sites on follicle cells were changed with their morphological variation in every stage of oogenesis.The staged and specific expression of oncogene c-kit, the tyrosine-kinase receptor, is closely related with gametogenesis.

2在中华蚱蜢卵子发生的早期，PNA受体是由卵母细胞自身合成；在卵黄发生前的准备时期，卵母细胞质中的PNA受体一部分来源于自身合成，另一部分则来源于滤泡细胞，而糖复合物的大量出现可能直接与卵黄发生有关；卵黄发生期PNA受体的减少可能是在卵黄物质形成中部分发生了修饰；卵黄和卵壳的相继形成过程中，阳性反应的出现说明PNA受体参与了卵黄膜及卵壳的形成，而这些受体物质是由滤泡细胞分泌的。

Under light microscope, the egg is an oblated and agglutinated demersal with a narrow perivitelline space; eggs ranged in diameter from 1.95 to 2.38 mm with a mean of 2.18 ± 0.03 mm; their membrane are smooth and they have 5 to 7 cannular keratose egg-filaments; the oil globules are multiple, ranged in diameter from 0.05 to 0.50 mm and in number from 7 to 145 with a mean of 28±2, the position of them migrate during embryonic development; the yolks are ivory-white with no segments, ranged in diameter from 1.00 to 2.30 mm with a mean of 1.90 ± 0.03 mm; the development phases of the embryo are variable. So they were identified as the eggs of one Beloniformes.

在光学显微镜下：卵呈微扁圆形，卵径1.95~2.38mm，粘着沉性；卵黄间隙较窄，卵黄囊呈乳白色，无龟裂；卵膜平滑，在其表面有5~7根细长角质管状卵膜丝；多油球数不定（4~145），油球径0.05~0.50mm，油球在卵黄囊中的位置随不同的发育时期而不断发生变化；胚体处在不同的发育阶段，其特征符合颌针鱼目鱼卵的特征。

According to the size and shape of oocyte, the morphology of nucleolus, the growth of yolk and the structure of follicle, oogenesis of H. d. supertexta can be divided into three stages as follows: oogonium, previtellogenic oocyte and vitellogenic oocyte. The ovary wall is composed of tunica adventitia and germinal epithelium which will produce oogonia and follicle cells. The follicle is the structure unit of ovary.

根据卵细胞的大小、形状，核仁的形态，卵黄颗粒的积累情况，滤泡的结构等，将九孔鲍卵子的发生分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生前的卵母细胞和卵黄发生期的卵母细胞3个时期；卵巢壁由外膜及内生殖上皮构成，生殖上皮分化产生卵原细胞和滤泡细胞；卵巢的结构单位是滤泡。

The content variation to Chrysopa septempunctata"s vitellin was detected through ELISA. It indicated that vitellin was utilized gradually during embryonic development, and a fallowing trend in form of straightline was found in the whole embryonic development. Vitellin couldn"t be detected in just hatched larvae.

通过ELISA来测定大草蛉的胚胎发育和胚后发育中卵黄蛋白的含量变化，随着胚胎的发育，卵黄蛋白逐渐被利用，在整个胚胎发育过程中呈直线下降趋势，在刚孵化的幼虫中已检测不到卵黄蛋白的存在。

Yolk-sac larva A fish larvae which has already hatched from the egg but has not started feeding yet and still absorbs the yolk in the ventrally attached sac.

卵黄期幼生鱼幼体的发育阶段特徵，描述在消化道区域腹部有一个卵黄囊。鱼幼体已经从卵孵化，但是仍然没有开始觅食而继续吸收在腹附著的卵黄囊。

The main conclusions are as follows:The vitellin of Chrysopa septempunctata was extracted with 0.4mol/L NaCl and then precipitated in cold distilled water. Ion exchange chromatography and proteic gel recovery were used to purify it further. SDS-PAGE analysis shows that the vitellin is composed of two subunits, the large one 165kDa and the small one 46kDa.Then automatic amino acid analyzer was used to analyse amino acid composition of vitellin.

主要结论如下：用蒸馏水沉淀法对大草蛉的卵黄蛋白进行了初步纯化，而后又采用离子交换层析和蛋白胶回收的方法对卵黄蛋白进行了进一步的纯化；通过SDS-PAGE分析表明，大草蛉的卵黄蛋白由大165kDa和小46kDa两个亚基组成；用氨基酸自动分析仪对纯化后的卵黄蛋白进行了氨基酸组分分析。

At present, the research mainly concentrates on vitellin purification and characterization, vitellogenin synthesis and hormonal regulation, vitellogenin absorption and processing.

目前，对蜱类卵黄发生的研究主要包括卵黄蛋白的纯化与鉴定，卵黄原蛋白的合成与调控，卵母细胞对卵黄原蛋白的摄取以及转变为卵黄蛋白的分子过程。

Using indirect ELISA, the contents of vitellin in the fat body, haemolymph and ovary of P. japonica were detected. The results suggested that the vitellogenin was synthesized in fat body at the 2nd day after eclosion. The contents of vitellogenin in fat body, haemolymph and ovary increased quickly on the 4th day after eclosion and reached the peak stage approximately on the 8th day in adult stage.

采用间接竞争ELISA法，系统测定了龟纹瓢虫成虫期脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢中卵黄蛋白的动态变化，结果表明：脂肪体是卵黄原蛋白合成的场所，卵黄原蛋白的合成始于羽化后第2天；脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢中卵黄原蛋白的滴度在羽化后第4天开始迅速上升，至成虫期的第8天左右达到高峰期。

Dorsalis by salting out, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. By salting out the egg homogenate, SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the Vns were mainly precipitated in a 50~70% ammonium sulfate solution. The salted-out proteins were further purified by ion exchange chromatography, and the result showed that Vns were mainly eluted with a 0.3~0.5 M sodium chloride gradient. Finally, the elutes of ion exchange chromatography were refined by running them through gel filtration chromatography to obtain purified Vns. SDS-PAGE separated the 48- and 51-kDa purified Vns, and used them as antigens to raise polyclonal antibodies.

利用硫酸铵盐析法初步分离果实蝇卵中的蛋白质，以SDS-PAGE蛋白质电泳分析得知，卵黄蛋白主要在硫酸铵溶液浓度为50~70%时被沉淀出；盐析沉淀所得之卵黄蛋白，再以离子交换层析法进一步纯化显示，卵黄蛋白主要会在0.3~0.5 M氯化钠的浓度范围间被析出来；再将析出液浓缩后，经凝胶过滤层析法做最后的纯化，即获得纯化之卵黄蛋白。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。