卵裂的

A independent life individuality is finally formated from singlecell ferti1ized egg throngh egg cleavage、morula stage、blastocoele stage、protogaster stage and orange etc, and concerned in major basal questions of development and gene expression.

单细胞的受精卵通过卵裂、桑椹胚、囊胚、原肠胚及器官的发生等，最后形成一个能独立生活的个体，涉及发育和基因表达的许多基本问题。

The repeated detection of single blastomere of untransferred embryos verified the PGD results, and further indicated that our PGD technique of ACH was relatively stable and reliable.

通过对未移植胚胎的单卵裂球的重复检测，验证了PGD的结果，进一步说明了我们开发的ACH的PGD技术是较稳定、可靠的。

One embryonic cell can be separated into many blastomere cells. As be the nuclear donor of the embryonic cell nuclear transfer, it can breed the number of eminent species largely, increase the number of endangered animals, supply large number of supply same genotype animals, improve the efficiency of gene transfer and sex control and offer same genotype apparatus or organ for human transplant.

一个早期胚胎细胞可以分离多个卵裂球，以此作为核供体进行胚胎细胞核移植，可以大量扩繁优良品种的数量，增加濒危动物的数量，为科学研究提供大量遗传同质的动物，提高转基因和性别控制技术的效率，提供基因型相同的器官或组织供人类移植。

Porcine was acted as the experimental animal. It was researched on problem of the origin of obtaining early embryonic cells, methods of separating blastomere cells, best parameter and order of ECNT embryo electric activation and system of ECNT embryo IVC, which was to find a scientific method of fitting ECNT and a procedure of fitting the lab producing embryos largely, optimize the procedure of ECNT and improve the ECNT embryo in vitro.

本实验以猪为实验动物，对猪胚胎细胞核移植供体的来源、卵裂球细胞分离方法、核移植重建胚的电激活最佳参数、核移植受体的激活时序以及核移植重建胚体外培养系统相关问题进行了研究，旨在探索一种适用于猪胚胎细胞核移植的科学方法，提高猪胚胎细胞核移植胚胎的体外发育率，优化胚胎细胞核移植程序。

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastocysts followed by fusion of cytoplasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro. During the fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are as high as these of two-cell diploid embryos in vivo Then the embryos are rapidly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting in the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus are fused completely. After that, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are gradually increased until the morula stage. However, whereas an asymmetric distribution of DNA methylation is established in vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than that in the trophectoderm, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution in most in vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts.

结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在桑葚胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastocysts followed by fusion of cyto-plasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro. During the fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are as high as these of two-cell diploid embryos in vivo Then the embryos are rapidly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting in the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus are fused completely. After that, the DNA methy-lation levels of the fused embryos are gradually increased until the morula stage. However, whereas an asymmetric distribu-tion of DNA methylation is established in vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than that in the trophectoderm, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution in most in vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts.

结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在桑葚胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastcysts fellowed by fusion of cytoplasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro.After fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos was very high as well as two-cell diploid embryos in vivo.Then the embryos was rapiddly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus fused completely.After that, the DNA methylation levels of fused embryos were gradually increased until the blastocysts stage.However, whereas an asymmetric distribution of DNA methylation was established in an vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than in the trophectoderm, in most vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution.

结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在囊胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。

Leaves of sprouts with petioles terete, 2-5 cm, adaxially canaliculate, tomentose; leaf blade lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. Male catkin 3-4 cm; bracts suborbicular, 3-5 mm, usually caducous, base cuneate, margin laciniate, with brown lobes.

圆柱状的菜芽具叶柄的叶，2-5厘米，正面具沟，被绒毛；叶片披针形或卵状披针形，10-15 厘米雄性柔荑花序3-4厘米；近圆形的苞片，3-5毫米，通常早落，基部楔形，条裂的边缘，具棕色裂片。

Radical leaves: stipules ovate, herbaceous, adnate to petiole; petiole sheathing at base; leaf blade imparipinnate; leaflets opposite, rarely alternate, broadly elliptic or obovate-oblong; cauline leaves few, with few leaflets, or simple and then margin 3-lobed or 2- or 3-serrate.

胚根叶：托叶卵形，草本，贴生于叶柄；叶柄具鞘的在基部；叶片奇数羽状；小叶对生，很少互生，宽椭圆形或倒卵形长圆形；很少的茎生叶，有很少传单，3浅裂的或单的然后空白边2或3使成锯齿波。

Flowering stems erect, 20-40 cm. Proximal stem leaves 3- or 4-verticillate or opposite, sessile,± lanceolate- to ovate-oblong, linear-oblong distally on stem, 2-5 × 0.6-1 cm, margin remotely and coarsely dentate, pinnately lobate, or subentire.

花茎直立，20-40 厘米下部的茎生叶轮生3或4的或对生，无梗，多少披针形到卵状长圆形，线状长圆形的在茎上部， 2-5 * 0.6-1 厘米，边缘稀疏和粗牙齿，浅裂的成羽状，或近全缘。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。