即

To make a comprehensive view of metapopulation researches, we folly analyze and summarize the present concepts, theories and models of metapopulation in this paper, which primarily includes the dynamical models and simulation approaches of single and competitive metapopulations. Based on the Levin's patch occupant model, the center framework of metapopulation researches, primary principles and mechanisms are discussed. First, Levins rule: the fraction of empty patch will remain constant with habitat destruction as long as metapopulation survives. This rule implies that empty patches have determinant effects on persistence and conservation. Second. Allee effect of metapopulation is incurred by establishing difficulties and dispersal costs, which is important to the studies of reserve area and the minimum available metapopulation size. Third, we analyze the rescue effect that immigrants can reduce the extinction risk of the presented local population. Rescue effect can leads to the improvement of metapopulation sustainability and the decrease of fraction of empty patches. Fourth, the coexistence mechanism of two competing metapopulation is discussed, which suggests that competition-colonization trade off may be prevalent in competing systems. Finally, extinction debt ob tamed from coexistence mechanism is given, which depicts the lost of species richness in the future for the current habitat destruction. After theoretical discussion, we present two popular simulated approaches in metapopulations: probability transition model and stochastic process model.

为了能总观集合种群进展的全局并开展进一步的工作，首先对集合种群的已有概念、理论和模型做了全面的分析和总结；其次对集合种群的发展和概念进行了探讨，以集合种群模型的中心框架：Levins的斑块占据模型为基础，展开对其它原理、效应和机制的探讨；主要包括了Levins原理，即当生境进到破坏时，空斑块比例在集合种群灭绝前保持不变，然后还分析了Allee效应（集合种群的Allee效应主要是由于建群困难和扩散损失造成的）；第三，分析了援救效应：迁人个体可以降低斑块中现有局域种群的灭绝风险，援救效应会增强集合种群的生存力，使空斑块比例下降第四，探讨了两竞争集合种群的共存机制，即竞争－侵占妥协，其共存机制为空间生境中物种共存提供了有力的理论解释。

Study 1 summed up how different types of passengers influenced driving behavior via Driving Log. Study 2 was about a certain type of passengers, finding that "leader" could reduce drivers' propensity for angry driving behavior while "friend" increase it. Study 3 reversed the priming artifice, finding "leader" and "friend" made a different effort on drivers when compared to study 2. This three both suggested impression management strategy in driving.

研究三采用直接描述目标对象人格及行为特征的反向启动方式，&领导&和&好朋友&的作用又正好与研究二相反，即研究三中&领导&作为乘客反而增加司机的愤怒驾驶倾向，再次验证印象管理策略的作用；基于情境特点，此时分别考察自我监控能力和自我监控倾向的调节作用，只有倾向分量表的作用显著，即自我监控倾向越高，不同情境对司机的愤怒驾驶倾向影响越大。

The M series is delivered ready to plug in.

M系列是预备即插即用的。

The results indicated that the axial velocity distribution of the mixture was a parabola-like curve along the radius and the change of the velocity was larger in the region within 0%～25% of the pipe width (about 15 mm) from the pipe walls, but smaller in other positions. The vortex changed greatly in the region within 0%～16.7% of the pipe width (about 10 mm) from the pipe walls and then decreased gradually to zero at the pipe center.

结果表明，混合颗粒的轴向速度呈类似抛物线状分布，在靠近管壁约0%～25%管宽范围内，即在试验装置距管壁约15 mm范围内，轴向速度变化较大，其他位置处变化较小；涡量在靠近管壁约0%～16.7%管宽范围内，即在试验装置距管壁约10 mm范围之内变化明显，从距离管壁10 mm到竖直管中心涡量逐渐减小到接近为零。

Weak electrolyte ionization degrees can be approximately obtained by the conductivity ratio, namely:α= ma0, mam, and 0, m respectively, the molar electrolyte conductivity and limiting molar conductance (ie, fully ionized after a solution of the conductivity).

弱电解质的电离度可近似地由电导比求得，即：α＝ma0，mam和0，m分别为电解质的摩尔电导和极限摩尔电导（即完全 a电离后溶液的电导）。

Like all Jews he had learnt a trade in his youth, and in their house he supported himself by working at this trade, viz., that of tentmaker, as he had determined not to receive any support from the money-loving Corinthians.

象所有的犹太人，他学到了贸易在他的青年，并在他们的房子，他支持自己的工作，在此贸易，即，即tentmaker ，因为他已决定不接受任何支持，从金钱爱好哥林多前书。

Thereby success in foreign market for these firms depends on how well they position their offering be it Idlis dosas ,naans or software services viz a viz products of the competetor.

从而成功地在国外市场对这些公司取决于他们提供他们的立场是它Idlis dosas ， naans或软件服务，即一即产品

The germ of the internal conflict of methodology of social science,which is the conflict between Methodology of understanding and Methodology of positiveness,between Methodological individualism and Methodological wholism,is the unilateral social philosophy,namely,"Theory of peculiarity" and "Theory of social similarity",Social Nominalism and Social Realism.

社会科学方法论内在冲突(即理解方法论和实证方法论、方法论个人主义和方法论整体主义之间的冲突)产生的根源是片面的社会哲学，即&社会独特论&和&社会类似论&、社会唯名论和社会唯实论。

The methods for wave motion analysis, which studies vibrational phenomenon and mechanism in space and wavenumber domains, is used quite fewer, It is seldom used in China.

长期以来，对工程振动问题，人们往往习惯从时域和频域去分析研究，即采用振动分析法，而用波动分析法，即从空间域和波数域去研究振动现象和机理则不太多，在国内则很少见。

DG1000 series function / the interface of aleatoric and undee generator and DG2000 and DG3000 series are unified, modulation source is received outside, source of fiducial 10MHz clock, spark outside input, in-house 10MHz clock is outputted; Support equipment of storage of USB of Plug and Play, can store through USB storage equipment, read take weaveform to configure parameter and user to define aleatoric weaveform oneself, and undertake software upgrades.

DG1000系列函数/任意波形发生器的接口与DG2000以及DG3000系列统一，外接调制源，基准10MHz时钟源，外触发输入，内部10MHz时钟输出；撑持即插即用USB存储行动措施，并可经由过程USB存储行动措施存储、读取波形设置装备摆设参数及用户自界说任意波形，以及进行软件进级。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。