危险因素

Vomiting was reportedin 11% and 22% of patients in the three and four risk factorgroups compared with 6% in the two risk factor group at 0–6h, and 13% and 27%(vs 0%) at 6–24 h, respectively.

在术后0－6h 时段内，三个危险因素组和四个危险因素组分别有11%和22%的病人发生呕吐，而两个危险因素组有6%的病人发生呕吐；在术后6–24 h 时段内，呕吐的发生率分别为13%和27%(比0%)。

Both the spousal transmission and mothertochild transmission resulted in higher intrafamilial transmission rate (47.8%[32/67] for familial transmission,40.9% [27/66] for MTCT,and 16.5% [19/115] for spousal transmission).Intrafamilial transmission rates of HIV by wife and husband carriers were 38.5%(37/96) and 9.5%(2/21),respectively.The intrafamilial transmission rate was higher in familes with younger wife infector and long time existense of spousal transmission risk factor.The MTCT was not influenced by the time of MTCT factor existence.

家庭内夫妻传播和母婴传播危险因素并存导致家庭传播率高达47.8%(32/67)，存在母婴传播因素的家庭传播率为40.9%(27/66)，存在夫妻传播因素的家庭传播率为16.5%(19/115)，妻子作为家庭引入病例导致38.5%(37/96)的家庭传播率，丈夫作为家庭引入病例的家庭传播率为9.5%(2/21)；妻子感染时的年龄越小，家庭传播率越高；夫妻传播危险因素存续时间越长，家庭夫妻传播率越高；母婴传播危险因素存续时间长短不影响家庭母婴传播率。

The relationship between those factors are not entirely understood. Predisposition to CHD are variate in different population.

由于不同人群对冠心病的易感性不尽一致，不同临床类型的冠心病危险因素也有差异，危险因素间的相互作用和影响关系还不完全清楚，而且即使将这些危险因素综合在一起，仍然不能使冠心病的发病从病因学得到完全解释。

Conclusion1 Critically ill patients with indwelling catheters were of the high positive rate of microorganisms,and microorganism spectrum was of special properties;BF formed mainly inside the catheter,the occurrence rate of BF inside the catheter was high and the formation time was short;Changes on catheters and the result of microorganisms was positively correlated with the BF formation.2 Indwelling catheter time was the independent risk factors for the BF formatiom, while age、APACHEⅡscore、sex、urine sugar and the types of antibiotic usage were the potential risk factors for the BF formation;Nurses should perfect the catheter measures for critical ill patients,emphasis on the assessment of risk factors of BF formation,and implement special care in high-risk patients.3 In the early stage of BF formation,irrigation could play the role of eradicative BF effectively;While later,it couldn't,but it can delay the speed of BF formation and maturation;In the choice of washing methods,injection type washing method is superior to infusion.

结论1重危患者留置尿管微生物培养阳性率高，且微生物菌谱具有特殊性；重危患者尿管表面BF主要在尿管内壁形成；内壁BF的发生率高，形成时间短；肉眼观察尿管表面改变情况以及微生物鉴定结果与BF形成呈正相关。2尿管留置时间是重危患者留置尿管表面BF形成的独立危险因素；年龄、APAcHEⅡ评分、性别、尿糖定性以及抗生素使用种类是其可能的危险因素；护理过程中应完善重危患者尿管护理措施，注重对BF危险因素的评估，并对高危患者实施重点护理。3 BF形成早期，冲洗能发挥较好的清除作用；BF形成后期，冲洗无法彻底清除尿管表面BF，但冲洗能延缓BF形成与成熟的速度；在冲洗方式的选择上，注洗式冲洗法对尿管BF的清除效果优于输注式冲洗法。

This study is aimed to evaluate the distribution of these risk factors among the stroke patients with or without large artery artherosclerosis intracerebral/extracerebral.

回顾性统计2006年3月至2008年6月在华山医院神经内科诊治的脑梗死患者的一般信息、卒中危险因素、头颈部血管影像学资料，并对上述患者根据头颈部血管影像学资料（B超、CTA、MRA及DSA）对其是否合并有责任大血管狭窄进行分组；应用单因素χ2检验分析各个危险因素在不同分组间的差异，并对危险因素与不同血管病变分组之间的相关性进行多元logistic回归分析。

objective to explore environment risk factors of metabolic syndrome.methods a cross-sectional population survey with questionnaires investigation,checkup and laboratory measurement for metabolic syndrome was performed among 2026 teachers,and the logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of ms.results the education,milk intakes,fish and aquatic products intakes,body exercise and drinking tea were different significantly between male and female individuals.univariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that education,body exercises,fish and aquatic products intakes and drinking tea were benefited to the ms,but the age,sucrose intakes were the risk factors to the ms.the multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that compared with individuals with no drinking milk,or no fish and aquatic product intake,or no drinking tea,or no sucrose intakes,the milk intakes 250-1500 g/week(or=0.731,95%ci:0.542-0.987),the fish and aquatic product intake with 250-1000 g/week(or=0.720,95%ci: 0.541-0.959),or sucrose intakes 250 g/month(or=0.446,95%ci:0.255-0.779),drinking tea forepassed(or=0.635,95%ci:0.458-0.883),and current (or=2.084,95%ci:1.390-3.125) had different levels of risk on ms.conclusion the age and sucrose intakes are risk factors,and the milk intakes,aquatic products and drinking tea benefits for ms.

目的 了解中小学教师代谢综合征发病及其影响因素。方法采用横断面调查方法，随机抽取芜湖市中小学教师2 026名，进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测，并运用logistic回归分析代谢综合征影响因素。结果不同性别的中小学教师在受教育程度、牛奶摄入、水产品摄入和饮茶习惯等方面的差异有统计学意义；其中受教育程度、体育锻炼、水产品摄入和饮茶是保护因素，而年龄、工作紧张程度、糖的摄入可能是代谢综合征的危险因素。logistic逐步回归分析结果提示，牛奶摄入、水产品摄入和饮茶是代谢综合征的保护因素，而年龄和糖摄入是代谢综合征的危险因素，其中牛奶摄入在250～1500 g/周(or=0.731，95% ci=0.542～0.987)，水产品摄入在250～1000 g/周(or=0.720，95% ci=0.541～0.959)以及以前饮茶（or=0.446，95% ci=0.255～0.779和现在正在饮茶(or=0.635，95% ci=0.458～0.883)，对代谢综合征的保护作用明显，而糖摄入250 g/月时代谢综合征的患病的危险是不食用食糖的2倍(or=2.084，95% ci=1.390～3.125)。结论年龄和糖摄入是代谢综合征患病的危险因素，而牛奶、水产品和饮茶是代谢综合征的保护因素。

And countries was 5. 4%. And the control rate was 2. 9%, in which that in cities was 4. 2% and countries was only 0.9%. From these data we knowed that three rate of hypertension very low. The traditonal risk factors of cardiovascular diseases including overweigh, fat, alcohol, high salt intake, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia of cardiovascular diseases and low animal protein intake have been known, but these factors only explained half of cardiovascular diseases. So, it is necessary to find out and recognize the new risk factors.

心血管疾病的传统危险因素（体重超重和肥胖、饮酒、膳食高盐、低钾、低钙、低动物蛋白质）已经早已被认识，在不同的地区和不同的人群也进行了样本量不同大小的流行病学研究和基础研究，但研究表明传统的危险因素只能解释50％的心血管疾病，仍有50％的心血管疾病不能用传统的危险因素来解释，因此有必要认识和寻找新的危险因素。

"The prevalence escalated quadratically with increasing number of associated factors: from 7.2% for one, to 29.6% for four," Dr. Wong's team writes.

Wong博士的研究组提出：&大脑中动脉狭窄的发病率与这些危险因素呈几何增长的关系：有1个危险因素，发病率为7.2%；如果存在4个危险因素，则发病率为29.6%。&

"The prealence escalated quadratically with increasing number of associated factors: from 7.2% for one, to 29.6% for four," Dr. Wong's team writes.

Wong博士的研究组提出：&大脑中动脉狭窄的发病率与这些危险因素呈几何增长的关系：有1个危险因素，发病率为7.2%；如果存在4个危险因素，则发病率为29.6%。&

We use uniformed questionnaire which was designed based on China CDC's behavior risk factors questionnaire to collect information, it includes 15 parts: population characteristics, health condition and life quality, health care and health service, smoking, alcohol taking, hypertension awareness, hyperglycemia awareness, diabetes awareness, physical activities, dietetic habits, body weight control, disease surveillance, accidental injuries(traffic, pesticide, rat-killing drug), hepatitis and vaccination, STD/AIDS.

采用统一的行为危险因素问卷调查表收集资料，调查表参考中国CDC行为危险因素监测系统的行为危险因素问卷调查表进行设计，包含人口学特征、健康状况和生活质量、健康保健与卫生服务、吸烟、饮酒、高血压意识、高血脂意识、糖尿病意识、体力活动、饮食习惯、体重控制、疾病监测、意外伤害（交通安全、农药和鼠药的管理）、肝炎和免疫接种、性病/艾滋病15部分。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。