危机

In crisis management of nursing,it is necessary to deal with crisis designedly,organically and systematically.

医院护理危机管理是指有计划、有组织、有系统地在医院护理危机爆发前预防、预控危机，并于危机爆发后以迅速有效的方法控制解决危机，尽量避免和减少危机产

Dr. Howitt's research focuses on public management and intergovernmental policy implementation, including crisis management/emergency preparedness and transportation policy. He has conducted research or consulted for public agencies at the federal, state, and local levels, as well as lecturing widely on these subjects.

Howitt教授的演讲首先回顾了近年来发生在中国的几次重大危机事件，通过对危机进行分级，详细阐述了在危机管理中领导力的重要性和应用，接着对危机进行了分级别的定义，又针对不同层级的危机进行了深入浅出的剖析。

"We have taken now an important step, decisive action with respect to the difficult situation that has arisen here as a result of the banking crisis which was precipitated by the international financial crisis, the worst probably since 1914 and the liquidity squeeze that came upon us as a result of the crisis."

考虑到如今由银行危机造成的艰难的局面，我们已经迈出了重要的一步，采取了果断的行动，银行危机是由全球金融危机引发的，这是自1914年以来最为糟糕的一次金融危机，流动资金的紧缩也是这场危机的后果之一。

Firstly, it would describe the meanings, feature（threatening, complex, uncertain, emergent, ambiguous and newsy）,development （incubate stage, acute stage, chronic stage and resolution stage）of crisis management and several kinds of campus crisis. Secondly, it would comment the basic conceptions of crisis management. Thirdly, it would introduce the meanings of campus crisis and explain campus crisis management. Finally, the author would attempt to construct the mechanism of campus crisis management and offer some suggestions to education and hope to promote the competence of campus crisis management, let the students learning with safe and growth with health.

首先：系在说明危机的意义、特性（威胁性、复杂性、不确定性、急迫性、双面性以及新闻性）、发展阶段（潜伏期、爆发期、后遗症期与解决期）与各种校园危机之类型；其次，阐述危机管理的基本概念：第三，介绍校园危机之意义以及解释何谓校园危机管理；最后，笔者试图建构一个校园危机管理机制供教育界参考，期能提升校园危机管理能力，让学生在校园中能平安学习与健康成长。

These financial crises , from financial crisis of Eurocurrency system resulted from depreciation of pound and lira from 1992 to 1993, to financial crisis of Latin America resulted from depreciation of piaster from 1994 to 1995, and to financial crisis of southeast Asia began from the depreciation of baht from 1997 to 1998, all had one common character: the crises appeared obvious infectivity, one country's financial crisis quickly diffused to other countries and areas and evolved into territorial or even global crisis.

纵观数次金融危机，无论是1992—1993年英国英镑、意大利里拉贬值所导致的欧洲货币体系危机，或是1994—1995年墨西哥比索危机所引发的拉美危机，还是1997—1998年泰国货币危机所演变成的东南亚金融危机，它们共同特征是：金融危机都带有明显的传染效应，一个国家的金融危机会迅速扩散到其他国家和地区，演变成为区域性甚至全球性的金融危机。

This kind of default in the research on financial crisis early-warning make people unable to understand the financial crisis, even not to explain and predict the crisis contagion and the deepening, which result in the inaccuracy and unstability, even unpredicting in the financial crisis predicting.

本论文将心理变量引入金融危机预警研究，利用协同理论、灾变理论等非线性的理论与方法分析研究金融危机爆发、传播、深化过程中的非线性机制，提出了以金融市场心理监控为主体的金融危机预警多维空间模式，认为金融危机的预警应该是多角度，全方位的，不仅要预测金融危机在一个经济体中的爆发，还要预警经济体之间的传播，更要对金融危机转变为社会政治危机的金融危机深化过程进行监控和预测。

Finally through to the GMRY crisis management present situation analysis and the company interior crisis cause based on the strategic stratification plane and the operation stratification plane two stratification planes, launches the strategic stratification plane and the operation stratification plane research from the management study basic strategy management process frame and the balance idea branch customs station frame to the GMRY enterprise crisis cause, and the method which using the subjective tax power and the objective tax power, qualitative and the quota unifies determined the target the weight, unifies using the level analytic method and the fuzzy synthesis judgment law then constructs the GMRY crisis to forewarn the distinction model, and forewarns the analysis system through the enterprise crisis, surveys crisis condition which GMRY at present locates, And proposed the crisis forewarns the solution and the implementation enterprise crisis early warning system measure and the suggestion.

最后通过对GMRY公司危机管理现状的分析及公司内部危机诱因基于战略层面及运营层面的两个层面，从管理学基本的战略管理过程框架和平衡计分卡框架对GMRY公司企业危机诱因展开战略层面与运营层面的研究，并运用主观赋权和客观赋权、定性与定量相结合的方法确定出指标的权重，运用层次分析法及模糊综合评判法相结合进而构建出GMRY公司危机预警判别模型，并通过企业危机预警分析系统，测算出GMRY公司目前所处的危机状态，并提出危机预警解决方案和实施企业危机预警系统的措施和建议。

He said it led to "very dangerous" conditions that imperiled使陷入危机 the global economy.

他说一点点疏忽都会导致一个&非常危险&的状况，使得全球经济陷入危机。

This paper includes several parts: first, some important concepts of the thesis have been defined, a theoretical overview of currency crisis has been finished; then, we have described the history of the international monetary system; later, three chapes have been arranged to discuss the mechanism of currency crisis under fixed and floating and intermediate exchange rate system respectively. The part of the fixed exchange rate system mainly includes the analysis of the collapse of the international gold standard system, the Bretton Woods system and the the European Monetary System; in the part of the floating exchange rate system, the volatility problem under freely floating exchange rate system has been studied; the part of the intermediate exchange rate system mainly includes the analysis of currency crises in regional dollar standard system and the currency board system. And finally, we have analysed the inevitability of the appearance of new type regional monetary cooperation patterns, and how these cooperations avoid currency crises.

本文主要包括这样几部分：首先，对论文中涉及到的重要概念给予界定，并对货币危机理论进行系统梳理；接着，按时间顺序从总体上回忆国际货币制度的历史演进；然后，用三个章节分别研究了固定汇率制度、浮动汇率制度以及中间汇率制度下货币危机的形成机理，其中，固定汇率制度下的货币危机主要包括国际金本位制度和布雷顿森林体系的崩溃，以及欧洲货币体系的瓦解；浮动汇率制度下的货币危机，则重点分析了自由浮动汇率制度下汇率的过度波动问题；中间汇率制度下的货币危机，分别分析了区域美元本位及货币局制度下货币危机的发生机理；最后，分析了目前新型区域货币合作模式出现的必然性，及各模式下如何规避货币危机。

At last, the thesis analyzes the process of national security crisis management. In the third part, the thesis introduces the American and Russia national security crisis decision-making mechanism. By taking the valuable experiences of western development countries for reference, China will conclude more useful and efficient crisis decision-making mechanism. In the forth part, the thesis analyzes the factors that may influence our national security and present some policy suggestions on constructing our national security crisis decision-making mechanism. In the last part, the thesis sums up the total article, draws according conclusions and introduces the problems of this topic for further discussion.

本文主要分为五个部分进行论述，第一部分，导论部分，包括论文选题的缘由和意义、国内外研究现状、本论文的研究思路和方法的介绍等内容；第二部分，介绍了国家安全、危机管理及危机决策的概念，特别注重在新国家安全观的视角下，重新审视新世纪的国家安全的范畴，并对国家安全层面的危机管理过程作出分析；第三部分，以西方发达国家为例，详细介绍了美国和俄罗斯的国家安全危机决策机制，并从中总结出可以借鉴的经验和对我的启示；第四部分，客观分析了当前形势下国内外可能诱发我国家安全危机的诸多因素，并针对当前我国国家安全危机管理机制中的弊端和不足之处，从&硬件&和&软件&两个方面对我国国家安全危机决策机制的构建和完善提出政策建议；结语部分，总结本论文并得出相应的结论，并就该课题下今后需进一步深入研究的问题做出介绍。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。