南极的

The following key future research fields are needed to understand and predict Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance: Observation and modeling of the surface elevation changes, determination of surface mass balance and its distribution over drainage basins as well as fluxes at the grounding lines and the bottom melting underneath ice shelves, understanding of the deglaciation history, development, comparison and improvement of all kinds of models related to modeling and prediction of ice sheet mass balance.

南极冰盖物质平衡未来的重点研究领域是开展冰盖表面高程变化的监测与模拟，确定表面物质平衡及其在各冰流盆地的分布，着地线的冰流通量，冰架底部的融化，了解冰后期冰盖退缩的动力过程，以及开发、对比和改进与冰盖物质平衡模拟和预测相关的各种模型。关键词：南极冰盖；物质平衡；进展与展望

Neighbor-Joining analyses of teleost hepcidins showed that the eelpout 4cys variant arose independently from the notothenioid version, which lends support to adaptive evolution of reduced cysteine hepcidin variants on cold selection. The NJ tree also showed taxonomic-specific expansions of hepcidin variants, indicating that duplication and diversification of hepcidin genes play important roles in evolutionary response to diverse ecological conditions.

另外我们在另一种生活于南极水域的eelpout中也发现了一种含有4个半胱氨酸残基的hepcidin，而eelpout和南极鱼notothenioid在分类学上分属于不同亚目，是一类相差较远的物种，利用Neighbor-Joining方法建树分析发现eelpout的hepcidin虽然同样仅含有4个半胱氨酸残基，但和notothenioid的4cys_hepcidin有着不同的起源，这也进一步说明了hepcidin中半胱氨酸残基数目的减少确实是对寒冷环境的一种适应性进化。

Base on above studies, some conclusions were obtained as follows:(1) ore-forming background of the studied ferromanganese crusts are mainly controlled by intensity of Antarctic Bottom Waters and variations of material source;(2) it is confirmed that the ferromanganese crusts are mainly hydrogenetic and their composition are affected by volcanic and continental material simultaneously; there are no obvious phosphatization reconstruction and element reaction occurred in them, so they have important paleoceanological significance;(3) from researches on element occurrence modes in the new-type ferromanganese crusts and the lying sediments, it is proposed that there is no great biological affection on the crusts formation and their composition mainly came from the adsorptive action of the ferromanganese oxides in them;(4) two major types of ore-controlling factors are identified through compilation of ore-controlling factors, which are geological and oceanic factors;(5) considering the long-term variation trends of the crusts composition, combing the U-series and 10Be isotope dating results, it is proposed that the ore-forming processes of ferromanganese crusts in the studied areas can be divided into three major stages (5.6~2.8 Ma, 2.8~2.7 Ma and since 2.7 Ma), and then the activities of AABW since the Late Miocene, changes of input flux coming from volcanic and continental material are confirmed.

通过研究，得出如下结论：(1)研究区铁锰结壳的成矿背景主要受控于南极底流强弱及物源供给的变化；(2)证实铁锰结壳主要为水成成因，同时其物质组成也受一定程度的火山和陆源物质的影响；结壳自形成以来没有遭受到明显的磷酸盐化等成岩后期改造和元素再迁移，具有重要的古海洋学意义；(3)通过新型铁锰结壳及下伏沉积物元素赋存状态的研究，认为生物作用对研究区结壳的形成并没有很大的直接影响，其物质成分主要来自于结壳中铁锰氧化物的吸附作用；(4)在控矿要素的研究中，归纳出了地质与海洋两大类结壳控矿要素；(5)根据结壳成分长周期变化趋势，结合铀系和10Be测年结果，将研究区结壳的形成过程划分为三个主要阶段(5.6~2.8 Ma，2.8~2.7 Ma和2.7 Ma以来)，并确定了晚中新世以来研究区南极底流的活动情况、火山和大陆来源物质输入量的变化。

A new report entitled " Exploration of Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments: Environmental and Scientific Stewardship ", by the National Academy of Sciences has developed a set of environmental and scientific protection standards needed to responsibly explore the subglacial lakes under the Antarctic ice sheet.

NAS的一份题为"南极冰下环境勘探：环境和科学行为"的新报告为南极冰盖下的冰下湖泊勘探提出了一系列的环境、科学保护标准。

The " that Deng of Chinese scientist comply with Comrade Xiaoping puts forward uses antarctic to make the demonstrative mind that contributes " for peace, from 1984 up to now, china already expedited national antarctic expedition 24 times, finished a series of from south ocean inspects a plan downily to inland, welcome progress was obtained in the respect such as shrimp of geological, glacier, atmosphere, aerolite, aurora, phosphor.

中国科学家遵照邓小平同志提出的&为和平利用南极作出贡献&的指示精神，从1984年至今，中国已派出24次国家南极考察队，完成了一系列从南大洋到内陆高原的考察计划，在地质、冰川、气象、陨石、极光、磷虾等方面取得了可喜的进展。

Results show that as an inorganic material the cuticle of krill has the second absorption function and action on fluoride after it is moulted, which has nothing to do with the living activity of the krill.

结合其它资料，本文还对南极磷虾的富氟来源及机制进行了探讨。研究结果表明，南极磷虾蜕壳后的残壳对氟具有二次吸收的功能和作用，其对氟的富集存在着与生命活动无关的机理。

Fortuna Bay sits between craggy peaks and glaciers on South Georgia. In 1916 Ernest Shackleton and his men trekked by this stretch of water toward the island's whaling stations, where they found salvation after being stranded in Antarctica for nearly two years.Photograph shot on assignment for, but not published in,"Shackleton: Epic of Survival," November 1998, National Geographic magazine

意译：命运女神海湾位于多峭壁的山顶和冰河之间，位于美国南部乔治亚洲。1916年英国南极探险家沙克尔顿·欧内斯特和他的其他男子们艰苦跋涉一段水路到达一个岛屿的捕鲸站，在那里他们建立救助点，从开始是生活在南极州感到束手无策的困难将近两年。

DUBLIN - Two Irishmen are seeking to become the first people to cross the Antarctic on sledges pulled by large kites.

都柏林：两位爱尔兰人正打算成为靠大型风筝拉雪橇而穿越南极大陆的第一人。59岁的布莱恩·卡宁汉姆与52岁的杰米·杨于上周日飞到了南极点，准备从周一开始自南极点到南极洲边缘爱国者山的1000公里的旅程。

Although cruise ships plan their itinerary so as to keep out of each other's sight, there are generally 20 to 30 boats heading to or from the Antarctic peninsula on any one day, according to Steve Wellmeier of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators.

尽管为了避免冲突，每个客船都有自己的日程表，但是任何一天都有大约20到30艘来往于南极半岛的船。这个数据是由南极旅行社国际协会的史蒂夫·维尔梅尔提供的。

The Antarctic Treaty grew from the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58, a scientific assault on the Antarctic, and called for scientific stewardship of the world south of latitude 60 degrees.

南极条约》是在1957—1958年的国际地球物理年，一次对南极地区大规模的科学考察活动中，以及要求对世界南纬60度以南地区进行科学管理的情况下缔结的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。