单调的

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

Properties of efficient portfolios and the efficient frontier to the model are systematically analyzed. Our main results concerning the properties are: every efficient portfolio can be solved by minimizing portfolio risk under a given level of portfolio return or by maximizing portfolio return under a given level of portfolio risk; on the efficient frontier, the risk is a convex and strictly increasing function of the return and the return is a concave and strictly increasing function of the risk; the utility function on the efficient frontier can be expressed as a quasi-concave function of the risk or the return if the investor's utility function is quasi-concave.

从理论上系统地对该模型下的有效投资组合和有效前沿的性质进行了分析，结果表明：每一个有效投资组合可通过在给定期望收益水平的条件下最小化投资组合风险来获得，或者在给定风险水平的条件下最大化期望投资组合收益来获得；在有效前沿上，风险是收益的严格单调递增凸函数，收益是风险的严格单调递增凹函数；当投资者的效用函数是拟凹函数时，则有效前沿上的效用可表达成风险或收益的拟凹函数。

Secondly, we combine the theories of monotone operator and maximal monotone operator's Yosida approaching with domain method to prove the solution's existence of set-valued input-output equation in R n in the similar economical backgrounds in present articles too and then gain the solution's continuity by interior approaching method,at last we give the responding economical meaning about the solution's existence and continuity.

对于R n空间中消耗为单调集值型的投入产出方程，也在现有文献类似的经济背景之下，利用单调算子的理论以及极大单调算子的Yosida逼近结合邻域逼近法给出了投入产出方程的解的存在性的证明，接着利用内部逼近法结合方程截断技巧对投入产出方程的解的连续性给予了证明，然后顺便简单的介绍了运用外部逼近法来得到方程的解的连续性的思路，最后也给出了相对应于存在性和连续性的经济意义。

In this paper, we construct the differential equation to solve the unconstrained optimization problem. Such methods solving the ill-conditioned problems are very effective. It indicates that the asymptotically stable region of explicit the Euler method to solve the differential equation equals to the descent region of the gradient method to solve the original unconstrained optimization problem.

我们发现，在用Euler方法求解二次优化问题的等价动力系统的方程时，由方法的步长确定的稳定区域对应于这些方法所得到的迭代公式的步长满足单调下降算法的条件确定的单调下降区域，因此我们可以利用这个性质构造解无约束优化问题的数值方法而不采用标准的常微分方程的数值求解公式。

The structures and stabilities of the ground-states for Cu13-nAgn clusters have been studied by Gupta model potential based on tight binding second moment approximation in combination with a genetic algorithm. It is found that the lowest energy structures of the pure clusters (n=0,13) are perfect icosahedron, and the structures for the bimetallic clusters (n=1～10) have stable structure which are slightly deformed with respect to the perfect icosahedron, The Cu atom prefers to occupy the center of the clusters with higher coordination numbers.

在混合团簇基态结构优化的遗传算法方案中增加了交换算子，结合Gupta紧束缚模型势研究了Cu13-nAgn团簇的最低能量结构，选择合适的交换和杂交概率，可有效地提高优化效率，优化结果表明，Cu13和Ag13是全对称的二十面体，n=1～10的混合团簇能形成稳定结构，其构型是在二十面体基础上发生畸变，Cu原子趋于处在团簇中心，随着Ag原子数目的增加，原子间的平均距离单调增加，团簇的结合能单调减小，Cu2Ag12和CuAg12只存在亚稳结构。

The approach first chooses three continuous data points in turn when the data points in time series are scanned. According to the angle formed by these three data and the extreme value in monotone sequence, the method then records key points reflecting the sequences changing feature.

该算法在扫描数据的过程中利用单调序列中三个连续数据形成的夹角和非单调序列中的极值点，从序列中挑选反映趋势变化的关键点，实现时间序列的线性拟合。

Suppose the fluctuation of security market could be anticipated, the CPPI tactics has the best performance in the bull market, the TIPI and CM tactics is noneffective; but in the bear market, the CPPI and TIPI tactics is effective, the CM tactics is noneffective.

假设股市波动是可预期的，在股市处于单调多头市场里时，CPPI策略是有效的最佳动态PI策略，CM策略，TIPI策略是无效的；而在单调空头市场里CPPI策略与TIPI策略是有效的，CM策略是无效的。3。

The plastic deformation induced due to cyclic rotation of principal stress axes alone can be in the same magnitude as that due to shear with fixed principal stress axes. 2 The volumetric strain due to shearing of cyclic rotation of principal stress axes is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. The former is characterized by its reversibility and is independent of past shear history, the latter by its irreversibility increases with the increase of cycle number yet its increase rate decreases with its accumulation. 3 The obvious non-coaxiality between directions of the principal stresses and principal strain increments is found and its degree depends largely on the change of shear stress component. 4 The intermediate principal stress has considerable effects on the deformation behavior of sands in the condition of cyclic rotation of principal stress axes. The accumulation rate of the irreversible dilatancy component increases with the increase of the intermediate principal stress parameter.

具有初始各向异性的砂土在纯应力主轴循环旋转排水条件下的主要变形规律为：①纯应力主轴循环旋转可产生与应力主轴固定单调剪切处于同一数量级的塑性变形；②纯应力主轴循环旋转引起的剪切体变包含可逆性剪切体变分量和不可逆性剪切体变分量两部分，其中可逆性剪切体变分量在一周内可完全恢复，基本与应力历史无关；不可逆性剪切体变分量随循环周数的增加呈单调增加，且增加速率随其自身累积值的增大呈减小趋势；③应变增量主轴与应力主轴之间的非共轴现象显著，且在一周内具有分段性；④中主应力对应力主轴循环旋转条件下砂土的变形特性有重要影响，不可逆性剪切体变分量的累积速率随中主应力系数的增加而增加。

The light scattering data were well described by the crossover model proposed by Anisimov and Sengers, and the effective critical exponentsγandυshowed nonmonotonic crossovers from the 3D-Ising values to the mean-field ones as the temperature departed from the critical point. The coexistence curves exhibited that the values of effective critical exponents for the order parameter of the refractive-index decreased as the distance from the critical point increased, however after the regular terms were subtracted, the nonmonotonic crossovers from Ising to mean-field critical behavior were exhibited. The influence of sodium bromide on the trend of the crossover was small.

静态光散射数据符合Sengers和Anismov等提出的临界跨接理论，关联长度和渗透压缩系数的有效临界指数存在非单调跨接，盐对于跨接程度的影响不明显；共存曲线研究发现，随着偏离临界温度，折射率的有效临界指数逐渐减小，但是当与共存曲线相关的正规项的影响被排除以后，体系表现出从3D-Ising到平均场行为的非单调跨接，盐对于跨接程度的影响不明显。

For situations of self-rational agents, Inter-Multi-Agent-Contract was formulated to describe the negotiation status of distributed planning and scheduling. Monotonously increasing voidance and violence penalties were defined to facilitate reciprocal cooperation. Negotiation protocol was designed based on bidding and bargaining theory. Commitment mechanism that permits non-immediately effective commitments and enforces monotonously increasing voidance penalty was defined to promote the efficiency of negotiation.

在个体理性条件下的分布计划和调度问题研究中，定义了多代理间合约来描述协商状态，提出通过单调递增的失效和违约惩罚机制来促进代理间的互利协作；基于投标、讨价还价理论建立了合约协商协议，提出通过非即时生效和失效函数单调递增的承诺机制来提高合约协商效率；针对问题域的时间限制定义了协商停止问题，提出了若干解决上述问题的方法。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。