单积分

The equivalent form for the PI regulator in stationary form is deduced and a resonant link is proposed.

最后分析了旋转坐标系下能实现稳态无静养的比例积分器在静止坐标系下的等效形式，提出包含单次谐波内模的谐振控制器。

Properties are discussed for a class of exponential sum function on recurrence relationship,integral formula,it has been proved that its curve configuration is single peak and it is a probability density,the application of this function is showed in proving equalities and a differential equation model of substance transform reaction.

对一类指数和函数的递推关系、积分公式、曲线的单峰形态等性质进行了讨论，证明了该函数为概率密度函数，并给出了该函数在等式证明、物质转化反应的微分方程模型等方面的应用。

In exterior differentiation, one studies tensors, exterior algebra, tangent bundle, tangent vector fields, one-parameter groups action on a manifold, Frobenius's theorem, tensors fields, exterior differential form, integration on manifolds, Stokes's theorem etc.

外微分部分主要涉及外代数、切丛，光滑切向量场，单参数变换群，光滑张量场，外微分形式，Frobenius定理，外微分形式的积分，Stokes定理及其应用等。

The second kind of Fredholm integral equation of the single pile interacted with the point sink is obtained through the fundamental solutions.

利用圆形载荷和抽水井点的基本解得出了单桩和抽水井点相互作用时在时间域内的第二类Fredholm积分方程。

Based on the fundamental solution of circular load in the interior of the layered half space, the second kind of Fredholm integral equation of the single pile in layered saturated viscoelastic soil is obtained.

为了求解该问题，首先利用层状饱和土的圆形载荷基本解，建立了时域内层状饱和土地基中单桩的积分方程。

Finally, based on the fundamental solutions of Biots consolidation of transversely isotropic saturated multi-layered soils, the Fredholm integral equation of second kind for the interaction between transversely isotropic saturated multi-layered soils and rectangular piles is established, the relevant numerical analysis is also carried out.

最后，基于横观各向同性层状饱和地基Biot固结问题的基本解答，建立了横观各向同性层状饱和地基与方形单桩、群桩共同作用问题的第二类Fredholm积分方程，并进行了数值分析与计算；通过将矩形刚性基础基底划分成若干个大小相等的矩形网格，用矩形均布荷载表示网格的基底反力，并利用已获得的横观各向同性层状饱和地基Biot固结问题的基本解来求解每个矩形网格的柔度系数，然后根据刚性基础与层状饱和地基的接触条件和其本身的静力平衡条件，求解分析了横观各向同性层状饱和地基与刚性矩形板的共同作用问题。

However,To prove Inequality with elementary method,we often create complex computational process. The second ,we will take full advantage of the knowledge of calculus Inquiry Testimony of inequality,and concluded the higher mathematics to prove Inequality several main method and its application conditions.Constructors in the context of the use of the monotone function,Calculus value theorem,function and the most extreme value,integral, it can be a very effective solution to the inequality problem proof. At last,we summed up several convenient and simple way to prove Inequality.It will be play a great role in our problem Solving.

但是用初等方法证明往往会造成复杂的运算过程，本文接着充分利用微积分的知识探究不等式的证明方法，并指出微分学和积分学在不等式的证明的具体应用，那就是在构造函数的背景下运用函数的单调性、微积分中值定理、函数的极值和最值、定积分，那么就可以十分有效地解决不等式中的证明问题，从而归纳出几种方便而又简捷的方法，这样对我们解题将会起到很大的作用。

Using Mellin transform and adopting the mixed boundary condition for stress and displacement differences and affer solving a set of triple integral equations and a Neumann's problem, we obtained a fundamental solution for a single crack.

本文采用裂纹二侧应力差和位移差的混合边界条件提法，通过Mellin变换，在求解了一组三节积分方程和一个Neumann问题后，精确地求得了单裂纹基本解，利用此解给出了解决这类问题的一般方法。

And control problems such as optimal import rate control, optimal harvesting control, optimal birth control are investigated. By means of nonlinear functional analysis, differential equations, integral equations, and modern control theory, a number of research results are obtained, which are theoretically valuable and provide a solid ground for the practical use of our models.

本文系统讨论了几类年龄依赖的单种群和多种群动力系统，综合应用非线性泛函分析、微分方程、积分方程以及分布参数系统控制论等理论与方法，深入地研究了这些系统的解的存在性、唯一性以及非负有界性；研究了这些种群动力系统的最优输入率、收获率和出生率控制问题，获得了一批重要的理论成果。

By using center manifold theorem and normal form of maps, we also present formal proofs of the supercritical flip bifurcation at the bifurcation point. Above this threshold, there is a characteristic sequence of bifurcations, leading to chaotic dynamics, which implies that the dynamical behavior of the single species model with birth pulses are very complex.

利用单参数族映射的中心流形定理、正规型和指数积分函数的性质，得到了具非线性出生率或具密度依赖成熟率的混杂矩阵模型正平衡态的存在性和稳定性、超临界分支以及各种复杂现象甚至混沌。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。