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In the second chapter, elementary theories and ideas of one step forming inverse approach were described and warped modification method, implemented by Cook, was introduced into one step forming simulation and based on idea of surface spreading; new quadrilateral element modification arithmetic was put forward. By spreading warped quadrilateral onto plane in local coordinate system, a plane quadrilateral element whose shape and area were equal to original warped quadrilateral element was gotten and internal force vectors of four nodes and stiffness matrix of elements were improved to increase precision of simulations on this plane element.

第二章从一步成形逆有限元法的基本理论和思想出发，将Cook基于弹性理论的四边形单元的翘曲修正算法引入基于塑性的一步成形，并且基于曲面展开的思想，本文提出一种新的四节点单元翘曲修正方案，通过把翘曲的单元展开的方法在局部参考系中得到一个与实际翘曲单元的形状与面积非常接近的平面单元，在该平面单元中进行单元刚度及内力向量的计算，进一步改善模拟结果的精度。

In this method, as each boun dary element is connected with finite number of elements, and coupled with boundary elements through finite number of elements, the merit of the FEM is therefore fully used.

这种方法规定各边界单元只和有限单元相接，通过有限单元实现边界单元的耦合，发挥了有限单元法组装方便的特长。

In the homogeneous model, the function of tendons is assumed to be uniform in some approximated way in order to form an equivalent homogeneous material within concrete. The formulation of the homogeneous model is same with that of general FEM for common continuum, let alone the elastic matrix being resultant of that of tendon and concrete. The computation is simple, but the approximate assumption makes this method cannot be generalized, because it only represents the constitution and function of tendons in such a rough way, that the numerical results are inaccurate. In the combined model, the function of tendon is considered by the stiffness matrix with rod element, then add it into the stiffness matrix of concrete by a rational way.

均匀类单元是设想将钢筋均匀弥散于整个单元中，使其成为一种连续均匀材料单元，这种单元的与一般有限元的单元刚度矩阵推导过程一样，只不过其弹性矩阵由混凝土和钢筋两部迭加而成的，此类单元刚阵计算简明而又不会扩大计算规模，但均匀弥散只是为计算简单而作一种假想，不贴近单元构造实际，也不符合实际作用效果。

Leda and the Swan, his strange but powerful sonnet, ex前一单元sses a tragic sense of history as a series of patterns of behavior and action.

手提箱和天鹅，但他奇怪强大十四行诗，当然前一单元的小规模企业悲剧性的历史感的一系列行为模式和行动。

According to the properties of deformation and force of orthotropy plates in construction,a super element is set forward,that is the plate element with costalias .

根据构造正交异性板单元的变形和受力特征，提出了一种超级单元：带肋板单元，给出了这种单元的形函数及其单元刚度矩阵。

Although it is 前一单元sented in the form of a novel, at times it seems like a prose poem.

虽然是前一单元的形式表现出一种，有时看来像一个散文诗。

Mansfield Park (1814)前一单元sents tile antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness; Emma (1815) gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity; and Persuasion (1818) contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.

曼斯菲尔德公园(1814)前一单元的对立面世俗派瓦和出世；艾玛(1815)为思考自我欺骗虚荣；并劝导(1818)对比的真爱与审慎计算。

Abundance orA repeats was similar to C repeats. AC was a little more than two times as abundant much as AG. However, AT and CG repeats were rare. For tri- and tetramer repeats, AGC,AAAC and AAAT predominated while ACG, ACT, AGG, CCG, ATGC, CCCG, ACTG, AACT, ACGT, AGAT, CCGG,ACCT and AGCT were rare. For some pentamer repeats, one was completely absent on a certain chromosome, even on several chromosomes.

对按蚊基因组中微卫星丰度而言，A碱基和C碱基重复在基因组中丰度相似，AC单元的丰度是AG单元的两倍多，然而AT和CG单元非常稀少；对于三四碱基而言，AGC，AAAC和AAAT单元最为丰富，ACG，ACT，AGG，CCG，ATGC，CCCG，ACTG，AACT，ACGT，AGAT，CCGG，ACCT和AGCT单元等均很稀少，而一些五碱基重复，在某条甚至某几条染色体中均未分布。

The foundation of arch dam usually is layer rock base, and the depths of the layer are small, it is common that several layer rock base contact with one layer element grid. According to the geometry relation and the property of shape function, a new element kind that includes 24 nodes has been proposed to dissect the dam and foundation effectively, whose shape function are independent. In fact the element can be looked as a hexahedron divided into five small hexahedrons. It can be simulate all kind of the condition of the base and the dam.

拱坝的地基一般是层状岩石地基，有的层厚度很小，这样就有多个岩层和坝体某层单元接触，本文根据岩基与坝体接触的几何关系，利用形函数的性质，提出24节点六面体层单元，这种单元实际上是将一个厚的六面体单元分成5个更薄的六面体单元而形成的，其形函数采用可以拆分的形式表达，因此可以方便地解决坝体单元的一、二、三、四个面与错动带接触的情况，可以模拟一、二、三、四个棱边与错动带接触的情况，还可以退化为12节点的四边形面单元，以及五面体层单元。

In Ulysses, Joyce intends to 前一单元sent a microcosm of the whole human life by providing an instance of how a single event contains all the events of its kind, and how history is recapitulated in the happenings of one day.

尤利西斯，乔伊斯有意派遣前一单元的一个缩影整个人生来说，如何提供一个单一事件包含所有同类事件，并重申了历史是如何发生的一天。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。