单元

In the second chapter, elementary theories and ideas of one step forming inverse approach were described and warped modification method, implemented by Cook, was introduced into one step forming simulation and based on idea of surface spreading; new quadrilateral element modification arithmetic was put forward. By spreading warped quadrilateral onto plane in local coordinate system, a plane quadrilateral element whose shape and area were equal to original warped quadrilateral element was gotten and internal force vectors of four nodes and stiffness matrix of elements were improved to increase precision of simulations on this plane element.

第二章从一步成形逆有限元法的基本理论和思想出发，将Cook基于弹性理论的四边形单元的翘曲修正算法引入基于塑性的一步成形，并且基于曲面展开的思想，本文提出一种新的四节点单元翘曲修正方案，通过把翘曲的单元展开的方法在局部参考系中得到一个与实际翘曲单元的形状与面积非常接近的平面单元，在该平面单元中进行单元刚度及内力向量的计算，进一步改善模拟结果的精度。

The whole finite element model includes 5 nodes and 5 elements, and these element types are D. C. motor element, reduction gear element, beam element, crank element and buffer element.

有限元模型包括5个节点和5个单元，这些单元分别是直流电机单元、齿轮减速器单元、梁单元、曲柄单元和缓冲器单元。

In the homogeneous model, the function of tendons is assumed to be uniform in some approximated way in order to form an equivalent homogeneous material within concrete. The formulation of the homogeneous model is same with that of general FEM for common continuum, let alone the elastic matrix being resultant of that of tendon and concrete. The computation is simple, but the approximate assumption makes this method cannot be generalized, because it only represents the constitution and function of tendons in such a rough way, that the numerical results are inaccurate. In the combined model, the function of tendon is considered by the stiffness matrix with rod element, then add it into the stiffness matrix of concrete by a rational way.

均匀类单元是设想将钢筋均匀弥散于整个单元中，使其成为一种连续均匀材料单元，这种单元的与一般有限元的单元刚度矩阵推导过程一样，只不过其弹性矩阵由混凝土和钢筋两部迭加而成的，此类单元刚阵计算简明而又不会扩大计算规模，但均匀弥散只是为计算简单而作一种假想，不贴近单元构造实际，也不符合实际作用效果。

Longitudinal reinforcement has been modeled with discrete element and stirrup has been modeled with smeared element. Smeared element, stirrup has been modeled using membrane element in or on concrete isoperimetric element. The constitutive relationship and failure criterion for concrete is the inter-facial model.

在建立钢筋混凝土的有限元模型时，混凝土采用的单元为八节点六面体等参单元，钢筋单元分为两种情况，纵向钢筋采用分离式钢筋单元，箍筋采用埋藏式钢筋单元，即箍筋作为附着在混凝土等参数单元内或单元上的"膜单元"。

Nevertheless, the eight virus isolates that were nonpathogenic in ducks replicated and transmitted efficiently to naive contacts, suggesting that highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses causing minimal signs of disease in ducks can propagate silently and efficiently among domestic and wild ducks in Asia and that they represent a serious threat to human and veterinary public health.

该现象提示高致病性流感毒株H5N1能够在野鸭或家禽体内迅速、隐匿复制而无明显表现，对人或家禽的健康安全构成严重威胁。您翻译的质量真不错，感谢您的参与我领第4单元。已完成。4单元译文。doc (27.5k)第10单元吧，可是我打不开，乱码，麻烦楼主发给我，邮箱已pm我领第七单元吧！我领第九单元吧！第七单元完成！

A layout information selecting part (304) selects a layout in accordance with the display part as designated by the display designating part (303) from layout information, which includes layouts suitable for the resolutions of the display portions (D1,D2), distributed from a media distributing apparatus. In accordance with the selected layout, a media display control part (306) selects media distributed from the media distributing apparatus, performs a conversion processing, such as scale-up or scale-down, and causes the display part as designated by the display designating part (303) to display the media.

配置信息选择单元(304)从由媒体播发装置播发的包含与显示单元D1和D2的分辨率相应的配置在内的配置信息中，选择与显示指示单元(303)所指定的显示单元相应的配置，并且根据所选择的配置，媒体显示控制单元(306)对由媒体播发装置所播发的媒体进行选择以及进行放大和缩小等变换处理后，将媒体显示在由显示指示单元(303)所指定的显示单元上。

The invention also discloses a dynamic skinning device, which includes a event type collection unit including a first monitor unit; a event type and treatment rule unit including a first storage unit, used to store the treatment rule corresponding to the dynamic skinning request; a searching unit including a first searching unit; a skin storage unit and a processing unit.

本发明还公开了一种动态换肤装置，该装置包括：事件类型收集单元，包括第一监测单元；事件类型与处理规则存储单元，包括第一存储单元；用于存储与动态换肤请求对应的处理规则；查找单元，包括第一查找单元；皮肤存储单元；处理单元。

The foundation of arch dam usually is layer rock base, and the depths of the layer are small, it is common that several layer rock base contact with one layer element grid. According to the geometry relation and the property of shape function, a new element kind that includes 24 nodes has been proposed to dissect the dam and foundation effectively, whose shape function are independent. In fact the element can be looked as a hexahedron divided into five small hexahedrons. It can be simulate all kind of the condition of the base and the dam.

拱坝的地基一般是层状岩石地基，有的层厚度很小，这样就有多个岩层和坝体某层单元接触，本文根据岩基与坝体接触的几何关系，利用形函数的性质，提出24节点六面体层单元，这种单元实际上是将一个厚的六面体单元分成5个更薄的六面体单元而形成的，其形函数采用可以拆分的形式表达，因此可以方便地解决坝体单元的一、二、三、四个面与错动带接触的情况，可以模拟一、二、三、四个棱边与错动带接触的情况，还可以退化为12节点的四边形面单元，以及五面体层单元。

Unit Two: The Economic Problem ;Unit Three: Economic Systems;Unit Four: Demand and Supply; Unit Five: The Price Mechanism ;Unit Six: The Organization of Business ;Unit Seven: Money and Banking ;Unit Eight: Population ;Unit Nine: Income and Work ;Unit Ten: The Government and the Economy .

第二单元：经济问题；第三单元：经济体系；第四单元：供给与需求；第五单元：价格机制；第六单元：商业企业的组织形式；第七单元：货币与银行；第八单元：人口；第九单元：收入与工作；第十单元：政府与经济。

In studies of interaction among pile, platform that above it and surrounding soil, this paper employ the concept of plate element to simulate the loading character of platform, and employ the concept of solid element to simulate the character of pile and soil, using the finite element method after understanding the geometry properties of pile, soil and the platform. Analyzing the loading properties of the three entities above and their deformation, this paper also employ a special element, Penalty Element. The introduction of penalty element of this kind has served to guarantee the join harmony of displacement between solid element and plate element, thereby effectively resolving the join problem between platforms, pile that support it and surrounding soil.Considering significant property difference between pile material and its surrounding soil, there may be much shear stress on their contact interface produced under vertical load, thus causing displacement or fission. Therefore it is necessary to adopt one special constitutive law of this kind of contact interface, which can reflect its feature of loading and deformation thoroughly. On the basis of the deformation feature and constitutive laws of some contact interface obtained by Zhang Dongji and people concerned through some single-shear experiments on contact interface between structure and soil, this paper employ one pile-soil three-dimensional constant thickness contact interface model to simulate the " slide" taken place on the interface between pile and its surrounding soil. With this kind model, this paper has also created one finite element model, which can be applied to perform finite element calculation and analyze the pile-loading feature, and deduced its element stiffness matrix.

在承台-桩-土共同作用中，考虑桩与承台的几何特性，采用有限元方法，用实体单元模拟桩土，用板单元模拟承台，更具体地分析桩和承台的受力特性和变形，而且还采用罚单元—既实体单元与板单元之间连接必须满足变形协调条件，来有效地解决了承台与桩土的连接问题，且在桩土共同作用中，由于桩体结构的材料性能与周围土层性质相差较大，在竖向荷载下有可能在其接触面上产生较大的剪应力从而导致错动或开裂，因此，为了充分反映桩土接触面上的受力及变形特征，应采用一种桩土接触面特有的本构关系，即利用张冬霁等人关于结构与土体接触面单剪试验所得到的接触面变形特征及其本构关系，引入桩-土三维等厚度接触单元来模拟桩与桩侧土之间的&滑移&，在此基础上建立可用于桩基承载性状分析的有限元计算单元模型，并推导出了各单元的刚度矩阵。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。