单倍的

Magna populations in edge and central region was studied. In 39 A. magna samples and five A. chukar outgroups, the entire mtDNA D loop was PCR amplified. The 456-457 nucleotides of the DNA D loop domain Ⅰ have been sequenced by dideoxy chain termination method. The 16 variable sites(3 5% of the entire sequence) defined 15 haplotypes.

本研究采用聚合酶链式反应和直接测序的方法获得了采自甘肃的大石鸡一个边缘种群和两个中心地理种群共39个个体的线粒体DNA控制区基因456～457个核苷酸的基因序列，16个变异位点(占整个序列的3.5%)有15个单倍型。

"Men belonging to Haplogroup R1b are direct descendants of the Cro-Magnon people who, beginning 30,000 years ago, dominated the human expansion into Europe and heralded the demise of the Neanderthal species," Wells said.

威尔斯说："单倍群R1b种族中的男性是克鲁马努人的直系后代。克鲁马努人于3万年前进入欧洲，并主宰了人类向欧洲迁徙的进程，他们的出现标志着尼安德特人种的消亡。"

"Men belonging to Haplogroup R1b are direct descendants of the Cro-Magnon people who, beginning 30,000 years ago, dominated the humanexpansion into Europe and heralded the demise of the Neanderthalspecies," Wells said.

威尔斯说："单倍群R1b种族中的男性是克鲁马努人的直系后代。克鲁马努人于3万年前进入欧洲，并主宰了人类向欧洲迁徙的进程，他们的出现标志着尼安德特人种的消亡。"

Mutation rate at exon of GH in five bovine species was very low with the percentage of 3.48%. The majority of nucleotide substitution was nonsense mutation and only one missense mutation was observed. Molecule tree based on haplotypes of bGH at exon 5 showed that differentiation was apparent relatively between Bubalus bubalis and Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos grunniens, Bos frontalis. There was no apparent differentiation among other four bovine species and they shared mutual ancestral sequence.

序列分析表明，5个牛种GH基因外显子5的遗传变异水平较低，平均核苷酸变异率约为3.48%，而且绝大多数位点的核苷酸替换是同义突变，仅发现1个错义突变位点；从GH基因外显子5序列单倍型构建的分子进化树来看，水牛与普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛及大额牛的分化相对比较明显，其他4个牛种之间并无明显分化，还享有共同的祖先序列。

These populations are of particular research value homozygosity mapping of autosomal recessive mendelian diseases and in the establishment of extended haplotypes for understanding the genetic component of common diseases.

这些特殊的人群对于研究常染色体隐性遗传疾病的同源性作图，并进一步建立单倍型模式来研究常见病的遗传机制都具有极大的价值。而当今的土耳其已经具备一流的高等学府和临床教学机构来充分利用这些资源。

Dendrogram divided 37 haplotypes into two major clusters, capra aegagrus clustered into lineage A, while capra falconeri clustered into other lineage. Lineage A is the predominance lineage of the 7 goat populations, while lineage B has a relatively small proportion.

系统发育树将37种单倍型划分为两个较大的分支，角猾羊1条序列聚入A分支，而捻角山羊则自成1支。A分支为7个群体的优势类型，B分支的影响相对较小。

since 21st century, with the development of haplotype map project and the completion of human genome project, the study of disease with gene and development of new drug has been promoted.

21世纪以来，国际人类基因组单倍型图谱计划的开展和人类基因组计划的完成，促进了基因与疾病的研究和新药的发展。

Association study based on population level may find the possible SNP and/or haplotype associated with the disease.

系统地在群体水平上筛查鉴定SNP，特别是编码区和基因调控区的SNP，并通过病例-对照组间的比较和统计学分析，有可能获得与疾病相关联的SNP位点或单倍型。

The result ofpairwise Fst and Neutrality tests revealed significant genetic differentiation amongfour populations,and evolution of mtDNA COI gene incompliance with the Neutralitytheory.The genetic distance was the biggest between HEB and JXL,and was thesmallest between SDT and JXL among the 4 populations.

遗传多样性研究采用了线粒体DNA COI基因序列、RAPD和PCR-RFLP三种分子标记研究大猿叶甲4个地理种群的遗传结构和群体遗传多样性。1、对长约335bp的mtDNA COI片段进行序列分析，在4个群体64个个体中，共发现37个单倍型，总变异位点35个，多态位点29个，含量(63.68％)大于含量(36.32％)。4个地理种群的核苷酸多样性指数分别为，0.082、0.035、0.099、0.186。

The result suggested that Silkies had several maternal ancestors. It was the result of long artificial selection in different place.2. There were 39 mutation sites in mtDNA HVS-I of 124 individuals; it could be divided into 34 haplotypes.

124个常羽乌骨鸡的线粒体D环高变区序列中共有39个变异位点，可分为34种单倍型，从中可以看出常羽乌骨鸡的母系来源类型很多，至少有六个不同的原鸡母系来源。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！