单倍的

There was also not any haploid metaphases (n=16 or 19) was detected in hybrids. However, about 1-2% metaphases observed in this study was allopolyploid. GISH proved that they was made up of haploid genomes of M. nobilis (n=16) and triploid genomes of C. farreri (n=57). GISH was also employed to detect different chromosome components and identify donor chromatin in hybrids between C. farreri♀×A.

但我们检测到了约1-2%异源多倍体的分裂相，GISH分析后发现这些分裂相是由单倍的华贵栉孔扇贝的染色体和多倍的栉孔扇贝染色体组成，比如论文中图示了一个异源四倍体的分裂相，它是由单倍的华贵栉孔扇贝的染色体(n=16)和三倍的栉孔扇贝染色体(3n=57)组成。

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship in goldfish were examined using mitochondrial D-Loop partial sequences at eight representative varieties of goldfishes and wild crucian carp. The eight representative varieties were Red Common Goldfish, Red Fantail, White Oranda with Red Carp, White Pearlscale, Red Tigerhead, Black Moor, Red Moor with Butterfly Tail and Red Bubble-eye with Dorsal Fin. 699 base-pair nucleotide sequences of Mitochondrial D-Loop were examined and analyzed for genetic polymorphism, Sequences data showed that all 129 sequences were grouped into 17 haplotypes. Nine representative varieties shared same haplotype. Five representative varieties of goldfishes had haplotypes respectively.

采用PCR技术扩增了红草金鱼，红文鱼，红顶白高头，白珍珠，红狮头，红龙睛蝶尾，墨龙睛，红水泡八个品种金鱼和野生鲫线粒体DNA的D-Loop区部分序列，PCR产物经纯化、测序、同源序列比对后获得长度为699bp的核苷酸序列，在129个样本中共检测到了17个单倍型，9个品种共享1种单倍型，5个品种的金鱼(BM， MB， WR， RF， RC)检测到各自独有的单倍型。

The normal feather Wugu chickens also had a lot of maternal ancestors; the result showed that at least six populations of red jungle fowl contributed to the gene pool of the domestic fowls.

丝羽乌骨鸡为常羽乌骨鸡的突变型，常羽乌骨鸡有比丝羽乌骨鸡更多的单倍型类型，而且在丝羽乌骨鸡群体中出现的几种主体单倍型类型也是常羽乌骨鸡群体的主体单倍型。

They spread throughout Africa over the following 50,000 years or so: around 100-80,000 years ago, three main lines of Homo sapiens diverged, bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup L1 / A colonizing Southern Africa (the ancestors of the Khoisan/Capoid peoples), bearers of haplogroup L2 / B settling Central and West Africa (the ancestors of Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan speaking peoples), while the bearers of haplogroup L3 remained in East Africa.

在随后的5万年里，他们遍布整个非洲。约100000-80000年前，三个主要的智人血统分开了，携带线粒体单倍群L1/A的在非洲南部殖民，携带线粒体单倍群L2/B的定居在中非和西非（讲尼日尔-刚果语和尼罗-撒哈拉语的人的祖先），携带线粒体单倍群L3的仍然留在东非。

Both the interactions of haplotype vs. food (R0: P=0.038; rm: P=0.027) and that of haplotype vs. temperature (R0: P=0.006; rm: P=0.000) had obvious effect on growth reponses of the clonal groups. Moreover, there was significant interaction of haplotype vs. temperature (lorica length: P=0.033; lorica width: P=0.000) and haplotype vs. temperature (lorica length: P=0.027; lorica width: P=0.000) on body size of the clonal group.

生命表实验结果显示，单倍型与食物浓度的交互作用（R0：P=0.038；rm：P=0.027）以及单倍型与温度的交互作用（R0：P=0.006；rm：P=0.000）对种群增长均有显著影响，这4个单倍型克隆群对环境条件具有不同的偏好，并且各个克隆群对于环境变化有不同的生殖反应。

Of Zhouhe carps have haplotype Ⅱ; 81.25% of Jian carps have haplotype Ⅵ; 39.47% of mirror carps belong to haplotype I and 47.37% belong to haplotype II Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity within Zhouhe, jian and mirror carp samples were 0.1603, 0.3327, 0.6287 and 0.003042, 0.004838, 0.007163 respectively.

州河鲤中以单倍型Ⅲ为主，达91.37%，建鲤以单倍型Ⅵ为主，达81.25%；框鳞镜鲤中单倍型Ⅱ占39.47%，单倍型Ⅲ占47.37%；州河鲤、建鲤以及框鳞镜鲤群体内的单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.1603、0.3327，0.6287、0.003042，0.004838、

P. denasta harbored the three chlorotypes, two of which were characteristic of its two parental species respectively. The third chlorotype was extensively distributed in seven of the ten P. densata populations analyzed, and might represent a mutation type or have been derived from an extinct parent. Population differentiation of P.

TT和GC分别是油松和云南松种特异性叶绿体单倍型，而在高山松群体里则三种单倍型均有分布，而且TC单倍型广泛地分布在7个杂种群体中，该单倍型很可能来源于点突变或第三个已灭绝的亲本。rbcL基因检测到的高山松群体分化系数很高（G〓=0.533）。

It implies that the relationship between Japanese black cattle and Mongolian cattle is more distant. According to that the rate of sequence divergence of mtDNA is estimated to be 2% per million years, Haplotype II and III of mongolian cattle s mtDNA might be separate about 240 thousand years ago, which is earlier than the 10000-year history of cattle husbandry. Haplotype of yellow cattleand zebu cattle might be separate about 0.73-0.92 million years ago.

按照哺乳动物mtDNA碱基突变率每百万年2％计算，单倍型Ⅱ和Ⅲ(遗传距离为0.478％)所代表的蒙蒙古牛和日本和牛遗传多态性比较研究硕士学位论文古牛群体之间的分化时间大约24万年，这比人类驯化牛10000的历史要久远得多。I单倍型和11、m两种单倍型(遗传距离为1.467%，1.83870)所代表的牛群体之间的分化时间大约73万年至92万年前。

The rates of nonsynonymous substitutions occurred at a significantly lower frequency than that of synonymous substitutions, which were not consistent with the common rule.

在这些扬子鳄样本中共检测到34个单倍型，每个亚种群内检测到的单倍型数量分别为15，9和10个，与其他一些动物如哺乳动物和鲤科鱼类相比，扬子鳄MHC Ⅱ类B基因第3外元多态性较高。

Accordinged to the NJ phylogenetic tree,24 buffalo breeds all belonged to the swamp buffalo type,mainly from 2 maternal origins named SA subdivision and...

所有单倍型中，H2单倍型出现频率最高，且只在24个地方品种中存在，说明H2单倍型是我国地方水牛特有的标志单倍型，也是一种古老的单倍型。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！