单侧检验

Papers with statistical testing should state the name of the test, the n for each analysis, the comparisons of interest, a justification for the use of that test, the alpha level for all tests, whether the tests were one- or two-tailed, and the actual P value for each test.

带统计检验测试的论文要说明检验测试的名字，每个分析里n代表的含义，份儿利益的对比，使用该检验测试的理由，是第一次该每个检验的α水平测试，还是重复前者的是第一次单侧检验还是或双侧第二次检验测试，及每个检验测试中真实P的值。

In single-side hypothesis testing,the exchange of the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis would induce two different testing results sometimes.

在单侧检验中，有时由于交换原假设与备择假设，会得到两个不同的假设检验结果。

According to the basic principle of hypothesis testing,three kinds of one sided hypothesis testing with the same reject region at the same significant level α are given and how to choose primary hypothesis and alternative hypothesis at the actual application and correlation are also pointed out.

根据假设检验的基本原理，给出 3种单侧假设检验在相同的显著性水平下具有相同的拒绝域，并指出在实际应用中如何选择原假设和备择假设及其相互关系。

The length, width, axial gradient for the crowns,the heigh of gingival line,the width of anterior dentition and the ratio of crista marginalis of their teeth were measured and analysed in their photographs and dental casts after orthodontic treatment.

测量关于正畸治疗后上颌第一前磨牙和对侧尖牙的龈缘线高度和牙齿形态的6项指标：龈缘线高度、临床冠长度、宽度、单侧前牙列宽度、轴倾度和近远中边缘嵴比，进行两均数配对t检验，观察分析两组的差异。

objective to evaluate efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsyfor treating ureteral stones in situ,investigate the cause of higher re-treatment rate.methods total of 687 patients with ureteral stone were received eswl between january 2000 and december 2004,included 455 male(66.2%) and 232 female(33.8%) patients,6 cases have bilateral ureteral calculi,12 cases have unilateral multiple calculi.hence,together 709 ureteral calculi were treated.patients upper ureteral calculi were treated in the supine position,for lower ureteral calculi patients were turned prone.to reduce eswl-induced renal trauma and pain,using lower energy source,adjusted power setting from 9.8 to 13.2kv,limited 1500 shock wavs per one session.no auxiliary procedure were used before eswl.the stone size was measured as the surface area of stone length by stone width on x-ray film.the interval between two treatment sessions was two weeks.results of 709 ureteral calculi,the overall stone free rate was 97.3%(690 calculi),re-treatment rate was 34.1%(292 calculi).according to the performed treatment sessions,one session 467 calculi,the mean stone size 37.27mm2,stone free rate 65.4%(464 calculi).two sessions 138 calculi,the mean stone size 62.48mm2,stone free rate 18.4%(131calculi).three sessions 52 calculi,the mean stone size 79.60mm2,stone free rate 7.1%(50calculi).four sessions 19 calculi,the mean stone size 101.63mm2,stone free rate 2.4%(17calculi).fivesessions 33 calculi,the mean stone size 119.33mm2,stone free rate 3.9%(28 calculi).overall 19 cases(2.7%)turned to other treatment modalities.of 335 upper ureteral calculi,303 achieved stone free (95.8%),re-treatment rate was 38.5%(129 calculi).of 374 lower ureteral calculi,369 achieved stone free(98.7%),re-treatment rate was 30.2%(113 calculi).the re-treatment rate of upper ureteral calculi was higher than lower ureteral calculi(p＜0.05,χ2=5.40).the difference of stone-free rate between upper and lower ureteral calculi was no significant(p＞0.05,χ2=0.15).conclusion eswl should be considered first line therapy for ureteral stone still.stone burden are the main variable of higher re-treatment rate,upper ureteral stone may moving with respiring during eswl.so efficinet shock wave was decreared,re-treatment rate become higher.

目的 评估体外震波碎石治疗输尿管结石的疗效，探讨再治疗率高的原因及输尿管结石的治疗选择。方法回顾2000年1月～2004年12月间eswl治疗输尿管结石的临床资料687例，男455例（66.2%），女232例（33.8%），平均年龄46.6岁（15～83岁）。有双侧输尿管结石6例，单侧多发性输尿管结石12例（4颗1例，3颗2例，2颗9例），共计输尿管结石709颗（含透光结石13颗）。应用上海爱申公司生产的desunit6030型碎石机，c臂x线球管做结石定位。上段输尿管结石（肾盂输尿管交界处至骶髂关节上缘）取仰卧位，下段输尿管结石（骶髂关节上缘下至输尿管口）取俯卧位。为减少eswl引起的肾损伤和疼痛，应用较低的能量，震波发生器电压从9.8～13.2kv，震波频率1.5s。每次治疗设定为1500次震波。治疗后3天摄腹部平片或b超，以后每隔7日重复检查。假如结石未碎或有残留结石最长径＞3mm以上，再次eswl，两次治疗的间隔时间为两周。结石的大小用x线片上的表面积（mm2表示。结果 709颗输尿管结石总的治愈率为97.3%（690颗），再治疗率34.1%（242颗）。其中一次治疗467颗，平均结石大小37.27mm2，治愈464颗（65.4%），3颗改治疗；两次治疗138颗，平均结石大小62.48mm2，治愈131颗（18.5%），7颗改治疗；第1和第2次治疗治愈率（1个月治愈率）为83.8%。3次治疗52颗，平均结石大小79.60mm2，治愈50颗（7.1%），2颗改治疗；4次治疗19颗，平均结石大小101.63mm2，治愈17颗（2.4%），2颗改治疗；5次及5次以上治疗33颗，平均结石大小119.33mm2，治愈28颗（3.9%），5颗改治疗。总计19颗（2.7%）结石改变治疗方式。上段输尿管结石335颗，治愈321颗（95.8%），再治疗129颗（38.5%）。下段输尿管结石374颗，治愈369颗（98.7%），再治疗113颗（30.2%）。经χ2检验，上、下段输尿管结石的再治疗率差异有显著性（χ2=5.40，p＜0.05），治愈率差异无显著性（χ2=0.15，p＞0.05）。不良反应：血压升高13例（1.9%），震波区域疼痛26例（3.8%），震波进入处皮肤点状淤血33例（4.8%），肉眼血尿128例（18.6%），均于第2、3天自行消失。结论 eswl目前仍是输尿管结石的第一线治疗，结石的大小是再治疗率高的主要因素。结石的位置有影响，上段输尿管结石可随呼吸移动，有效震波次数减少，再治疗率比下段输尿管结石高。eswl前注重病例筛选可降低再治疗率。

METHODS: An open, randomized, twoperiod crossover study was conducted in 18 healthy volunteers. Concentrations of gatifloxacin in plasma were assayed by HPLC after a single oral dose of 400 mg of the tested capsules or the referenced tablets. The main pharmacokinetic parameters ［AUC（0-24h）, Cmax and Tmax］ were analyzed by two onesided t test. RESULTS: The concentrationtime curve after medication conformed to onecompartment open model with a first order absorption.

采用双周期随机交叉、自身对照试验设计法，将18例男性健康志愿者随机分为两组，分别单剂量口服甲磺酸加替沙星胶囊400 mg和甲磺酸加替沙星片400 mg，经1 w清洗期后交叉换药，以高效液相色谱法测定受试者服药后血浆中加替沙星的经时浓度，计算加替沙星药动学参数，以双单侧t检验统计法比较两种甲磺酸加替沙星制剂是否具有生物等效性。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。