协议

This paper discusses Internet Protocol, User Data Protocol, Internet Control Message Protocol and Address Resolution Protocol mostly.

在协议方面主要讨论了网际协议IP、用户数据报协议UDP、Internet控制报文协议ICMP、物理地址解析协议ARP。

Aiming at the complexity of DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication) protocol, the fuzziness and ambiguousness resulted from the natural language of the protocol, the protocol engineering method is adop ted to guarantee the integrality, correctness, security, portability and standardization of the protocol.

针对专用短程通信协议的复杂性以及协议本身由自然语言承载、存在模糊性和二义性的特点，采用协议工程方法来保证协议的完整性、正确性、安全性、可移植性和标准化，并采用SDL对DSRC协议进行形式化描述，在此基础上提出了DSRC协议验证的步骤和实现方法，并对所开发的协议SDL模型进行验证，结果表明了协议的逻辑正确性。

VPN cryptographical system is concerned with cryptographical technology,authentication technology and VPN implementation protocols. Symmetrical cryptographical algorithms,Non-Symmetrical cryptographical algorithms and Domestic cryptographical algorithms are discussed.

在加密技术方面，本文对对称加密算法、非对称加密算法以及国内专用密码算法做了详细的讨论和比较；在认证技术方面，本文比较了基于口令的认证方法、智能卡认证方法、CHAP认证方法、RADIUS认证方法、Kerberos认证协议和数字证书的认证方法；在VPN实现协议方面，本文对PPTP／L2TP协议、IPSec协议、SOCKS协议以及MPLS协议进行了讨论和比较。

On such day: there develops, occurs, exists or comes into force any event whereby in the reasonable opinion of the Underwriter, the success of the Open Offer or the business or financial condition and/or prospects of the group would, might be or is likely to be adversely affected or which makes it inadvisable or inexpedient to proceed with the Open Offer; or there comes to the notice of the Underwriter or the Underwriter shall have reasonable cause to believe that any of the undertakings or other obligations expressed to be assumed by or imposed on the Company under the underwriting agreement have not been complied with in any material respect; or there comes to the notice of the Underwriter or the Underwriter shall have reasonable cause to believe that any of the representations or warranties given by the Company under the underwriting agreement was untrue, incorrect, misleading or inaccurate in any material respect which adversely affect the success of the Open Offer; which in the reasonable opinion of the Underwriter: is or may or will be or is likely to be adverse to, or prejudicially affects, the business or financial or trading position or prospects of the group taken as a whole; or is or may or will be or is likely to adversely affect the success of the Open Offer and/or makes it impracticable, inexpedient or inadvisable for any part of the underwriting agreement and the Open Offer to be performed or implemented as envisaged; or make or will or is likely to make it impracticable, inexpedient or inadvisable to proceed with the Open Offer or the delivery of the convertible non-voting preference shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated by the Prospectus or the underwriting agreement.

Samson Paper Holdings Limited Provisional Allotment Account 倘于接纳可兑换无投票权优先股份及付款的截止时间后两个营业日下午六时正前任何时间出现下列事件，则公开发售包销商Quinselle Holdings Limited可于该日期下午六时正前任何时间向本公司发出书面通知以终止包销协议：因任何事件之出现、发生、存在或生效而令包销商合理认为将会、可能或极大机会对公开发售能否顺利进行或本集团之业务或财政状况及╱或前景构成不利影响，或致使进行公开发售实属不合理或不合宜；或包销商注意到或包销商有合理理由相信本公司并无于所有重大方面遵守根据包销协议列明须承担或获委予之任何承诺或其他责任；或包销商注意到或包销商有合理理由相信本公司根据包销协议作出之任何陈述或保证于任何重大方面属失实、错误、误导或不准确而对公开发售能否顺利进行造成不利影响；而包销商合理认为：经已或可能或将会或大有可能对本集团整体业务或财政或经营状况或前景造成不利影响或损害；或经已或可能或将会或大有可能对公开发售能否顺利进行构成不利影响及╱或使持续进行使包销协议的任何部份或公开发售的进行或落实为不实际、不合适或不合宜；或按发售章程或包销协议拟订之条款及方式持续进行公开发售或寄发可兑换无投票权优先股份导致、将为或大有可能为不实际、不合适或不合宜。

In SPVT (security protocol verifying tool), the specification language is the π-like calculus extended with three appendixes, the Dolev-Yao model is described with Horn logic rules, the π-like calculus model of security protocol is transformed into the logic program model by abstract rules, the security properties are verified based on the calculus of the logic program's fixpoint, and the counter-examples on security properties are constructed from the process of the fixpoint calculus and the process of the property verification.

在SPVT中，以扩展附加项的类演算作为安全协议描述语言，以扩展附加项的Horn逻辑规则描述协议攻击者的Dolev-Yao模型，通过一组抽象规则将安全协议的类(演算模型转换为逻辑程序模型，基于安全协议逻辑程序的不动点计算验证安全性质，从安全协议逻辑程序的不动点计算和安全性质的验证过程中构造不满足安全性质的安全协议反例。

We improve the protocol for signing contract based on the research result of secure multiparty computation. In this protocol, the parties obliviously transfer the signed bit and the committed bit; the other parties can prove the validity of this bit based on the confirming sub-protocol, but he can't gain more information about the whole signature by accumulating the more signed bit or the committed bit. After the parties exchange the whole signed information, they declare the commitment about the signature respectively, and gain the whole signature of the other party. At this moment, the party doesn't care about the advance quit of the other party, because he has gained the whole signed information.

在协议执行过程中，参与者将合同的签名位以及他对签名位的承诺不经意传输给对方，对方可以利用验证子协议证明该位的有效性，但是他却不能通过位交换次数的增加获取更多的完整签名的信息；在完成签名位的交换之后，参与者分别公开承诺，并得到对方对合同的完整签名；在公开承诺时，协议参与者已经获得全部的签名内容，要么是签名位，要么是对方对该位的承诺，因此参与者并不需要担心对方提前终止协议，同时本文也利用多方安全计算的结论证明了该协议满足终止公平性。

If two parties want to sign a contract C over a communication network, they must "simultaneously" exchange their commitments to C Since simultaneous exchange is usually impossible in practice, protocols are needed to approximate simultaneity by exchange partial commitments in a piece by piece manner The party of secondly sending commitments may have a slight advantage; a "fair" protocol must keep this advantage within acceptable limits The protocol for signing a contract is improved based on the research result of secure multiparty computation In this protocol, the parties obliviously transfer the signed bit and the committed bit; the other parties can prove the validity of this bit based on the confirming sub protocol, but he can't gain more information about the whole signature by accumulating the signed bit or the committed bit After the parties exchange the whole signed information, they declare the commitment about the signature respectively, and gain the whole signature of the other party At this moment, the party doesn't care about the advance quit of the other party, because he has gained the whole signed information Finally, it is proved that this protocol is quit fairness

作者中文名：曲亚东；侯紫峰；韦卫摘要：在网络环境中解决合同签订问题需要保证信息交换的同时性，以前提出的协议都会给第2个发送者部分计算特权，利用不经意传输协议则可以解决这个问题。在协议执行过程中，参与者将合同的签名位以及他对签名位的承诺不经意传输给对方，对方可以利用验证子协议证明该位的有效性，但是他却不能通过位交换次数的增加获取更多的完整签名的信息；在完成签名位的交换之后，参与者分别宣布承诺，并得到对方对合同的完整签名；在宣布承诺时，协议参与者已经获得全部的签名内容，要么是签名位，要么是对方对该位的承诺，因此参与者并不需要担心对方提前终止协议。在文章的最后利用多方安全计算的结论证明了该协议满足终止公平性。

If two parties want to sign a contract C over a communication network, they must "simultaneously" exchange their commitments to C Since simultaneous exchange is usually impossible in practice, protocols are needed to approximate simultaneity by exchange partial commitments in a piece by piece manner The party of secondly sending commitments may have a slight advantage; a "fair" protocol must keep this advantage within acceptable limits The protocol for signing a contract is improved based on the research result of secure multiparty computation In this protocol, the parties obliviously transfer the signed bit and the committed bit; the other parties can prove the validity of this bit based on the confirming sub protocol, but he cant gain more information about the whole signature by accumulating the signed bit or the committed bit After the parties exchange the whole signed information, they declare the commitment about the signature respectively, and gain the whole signature of the other party At this moment, the party doesnt care about the advance quit of the other party, because he has gained the whole signed information Finally, it is proved that this protocol is quit fairness

在网络环境中解决合同签订问题需要保证信息交换的同时性，以前提出的协议都会给第 2个发送者部分计算特权，利用不经意传输协议则可以解决这个问题在协议执行过程中，参与者将合同的签名位以及他对签名位的承诺不经意传输给对方，对方可以利用验证子协议证明该位的有效性，但是他却不能通过位交换次数的增加获取更多的完整签名的信息；在完成签名位的交换之后，参与者分别宣布承诺，并得到对方对合同的完整签名；在宣布承诺时，协议参与者已经获得全部的签名内容，要么是签名位，要么是对方对该位的承诺，因此参与者并不需要担心对方提前终止协议在文章的最后利用多方安全计算的结论证明了该协议满足终止公平性1 引言两个参与者A和B想要通过网络协商签订合同C 为了保证公平性，参与者必须同时交换自己对合同的签名，然而在实际的网络环境中，想要完全同时地交换对合同的签名是不可能的，他们必须将签名分成若干块依次地执行，以保证大致的同时性但是这种方法依然存在着问题

If, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any law, regulation, decree or rule, which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Party's economic benefit under this Agreement, then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party, the Parties shall promptly consult and decide whether to continue to implement this Agreement in accordance with the original provisions thereof as per the relevant provisions of the Contract of Law of the People's Republic of China ; or to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Party's economic benefit under this Agreement on a basis no less favourable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented.

如果本协议签署之后，中国国家、省、市或地方政府通过任何新的法律、法规、法令或条例，修改或废除任何法律、法规、法令或条例的任何条款，或对任何法律、法规、法令或条例给予不同的解释或采取不同的实施办法，导致与本协议相冲突，或对一方在本协议项下的经济利益造成实质性的不利影响，受到影响的一方经书面通知另一方后，双方应立即协商并决定是否根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的有关规定继续按照本协议的原条款执行本协议，或做出必要的调整，以保持各方在本协议项下的经济利益，使之不逊于各方在该等法律、法规、法令或条例未通过、未修改、未废除、未做出不同的解释或未采取不同的实施方法之前所能获得的经济利益。

In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires: headings are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement; words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa; words importing a gender include any gender; an expression importing a natural person includes any company, partnership, joint venture, association, corporation or other body corporate and any governmental agency; a reference to any law, regulation or rule includes all laws, regulations, or rules amending, consolidating or replacing them, and a reference to a law includes all regulations and rules under that law; a reference to a document includes an amendment or supplement to, or replacement or novation of, that document; a reference to a party to any document includes that party's successors and permitted assigns; a reference to an agreement includes an undertaking, agreement or legally enforceable arrangement or understanding whether or not in writing; a warranty, representation, undertaking, indemnity, covenant or agreement on the part of two or more persons binds them jointly and severally; and the schedules, annexures and appendices to this Agreement shall form an intergral pert of this Agreement.

在本协议中，除非上下文中有另外的规定，那么标题只是为了方便，不会影响对本协议的解释；单数的单词包含复数意义，反之亦然；表示某一性别的单词包含任何性别；一个自然人的表示法包含任何的公司，合伙人，合资公司，协会，法人或其他的合作实体和任何的政府代理机构；提到任何的法律，法规或规则是包括所有的法律，法规，或修订的规则，与之和并或取代之的规定，并且提到一部法律就包括该法律下的所有的法规和规则；提到一份文件时就包含该文件的修订本，补遗本，或其取代者或新旧接替者；提到任何文件中的一方就包括该方的承继人和获得允许的转移；提到一份协议就包括不管是否在书面写下的承诺，协议或是可依法实施的协议或非正式的协议；双方或更多人的一个保证，陈述，承诺，补偿，契约或协议对他们同时并分别起限制作用；并且本协议的时间表，附件和附录构成本协议的整体。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。