协商的

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

The interval estimation information given by estimators is classfied. The bargaining interval and bargaining value is also determined for each class information. Then, the information of the bargaining interval and bargaining value is integrated by utilizing the induced ordered weighted averaging operator. The problem to choice the weighted vector of the IOWA operator is also discussed.

首先对评价者给出的区间赋值信息进行分类，确定各类信息的协商区间和协商值；然后利用所导出的有序加权平均算子对各类信息的协商区间和协商值进行集成，并对如何选取IOWA算子加权向量的问题进行了讨论。

In Chapter 7 works focus on the implementation of a Distributed Negotiation system, the Decision Space is the environment in Multi-agent system..

第七章讨论了分布协商系统的实现方法。分布协商系统中往往包括多个协商代理，因此是多代理(Multi-agent)系统。

Abstract］ objective in order to strengthen and improve the action to prevent the medical dispute,we must understand the correlation factor between medical personnel and patients to reduce the medical dispute.methods with the questionnaire survey the principal factors,hope solution way and preservation way between medical personnel and the patients were analyzed.results there were 75 medical persons and 62 patients who considered that the two sides should take the responsibility about the medical service dispute.110 medical persons and 80 patients hoped that the medical dispute be solved by the consultative way.conclusion we should strengthen the management system of the hospital,the construction of the medical ethics,the construction of the environment,and the popularization of the medical knowledge,we also should take some measures about the suitable regulation on media propaganda and the establishment of perfect medical service dispute consulation and so on.

目的 了解医务人员及患者对引发医疗纠纷的相关因素的认识情况，加强和提高医疗纠纷的预防措施。方法采用问卷调查法抽查临床医务人员和患者及其家属关于医疗纠纷发生的主因及患者和医方的各方面原因、希望的解决方式和预防方式等内容进行调查分析。结果 75名医务人员和62名患者认为引发医疗纠纷的主因是双方，110名医务人员和80名患者希望通过协商的方式解决所发的医疗纠纷。结论需要加强医院的制度管理、医德医风建设和环境建设，加强医疗知识的普及，适当调控媒体宣传和设立健全的医疗纠纷咨询机构等。

The main concern of this dissertation is the relations between republicanism and modern political society. It demonstrates that republican commitment is the legitimacy of modern politics, which means that all members of a civic community share the political sovereignty and civic community should put more emphasize collective self-rule, but both dynamics of modern society and cotemporary dominating political social and moral language of liberalism go against the republicanism's commitment, so this dissertation explores that the civic community should renew the common good, regenerate the deliberative public sphere and foster civic virtue so as to remedy the maladies of modern society.

本文的核心问题是共和主义与现代政治的相关性，主要论点是现代政治的正当性基础在于共和政治的公民共同体全体成员共同享有政治主权，也即公民共同体集体自治原则，但是现代政治一方面是建立在对共和政治的规范性承诺基础之上，另一方面现代社会的内在动力以及现代社会的主流政治社会道德话语对于共和政治的实现和维持或者存在威胁，或者隐含缺陷，要维持和实现共和政治的规范性承诺，需要恢复公共善的优先性、重建协商的公共领域以及塑造公民德性。

This algorithm can be used to choose negotiation rival and update the initial beliefs of the Agent before negotiation,and plays a guidable role in selecting and implementing the tactics in Agent negotiation,and improve the utility and efficiency in the negotiation.

该算法可用于Agent协商开始前协商对手的选择和初始信念的更新，对Agent在协商中策略的选择和执行具有指导作用，能有效提高Agent在协商中的效用及效率。

A negotiable document having enhanced security for deterring the generation of counterfeit photocopies of the negotiable document, said negotiable document comprising: a front face; a signature area located on the front face; a first pantographic background design creating a seemingly random background covering a first area of the negotiable document; and a second pantographic design creating a seemingly random background covering the signature area of the negotiable document; and a warning clause, located in the signature area, having a background and print that is visible prior to and after any photocopying of the negotiable document and describing the second pantographic design of the signature area.

可协商文档由于加强了安全性可以防止产生影印的赝品可协商文档。这种可协商文档通常由一个封面，封面上的签名区，一个覆盖可协商文档首部的可缩放的背景设计产生一个表面上随机的背景和一个位于签名区的警告条款，这一条款的背景对于影印的可协商文档是可见的并且在影印文档的前面描绘签名区的第二种缩放设计。

In what situation during young children's sociodramatic play involved young children's negotiation behavior?

中文摘要在本研究中，幼儿所进行的是以戏剧的模式为架构之自创故事的社会戏剧游戏，即是幼儿经过故事剧情的创造、角色的设定、剧情的排演与修正，道具与布景的制作的历程，并藉协商的策略来融合同侪间彼此对游戏内涵的意见，达成同侪对社会戏剧游戏的共识，才能够建构出一具有主题剧情、角色与道具的正式社会戏剧游戏，由幼儿创作社会戏剧游戏的历程可知，此研究的情境与一般幼儿自发性的社会戏剧游戏不同。

In the process of improvisation play, young children took the same strategies, like the rehearse for the show, to solve the different opinions. The researcher also found, no matter young children rehearse for the show or not, they might attempt to reach the consensus about the sociodramatic play.

在整个观察纪录幼儿进行社会戏剧游戏的过程中发现，不论幼儿是否在进行社会戏剧游戏的排演，他们都会试图以协商的策略来达到同侪对於游戏的共识，但是其中老师的角色以及幼儿个人的特质和能力，仍是影响社会戏剧游戏的发展与进行与重要影响因素。

The method includes following steps:(1) determining whether collision of negotiation occurs; if yes, then continuance, otherwise ending;(2) sending end discards first piece of message of negotiation request sent from opposite terminal;(3) the sending end retransmits local first piece of message of negotiation request.

本发明公开了一种解决因特网密钥协商协议中协商碰撞的方法，包括下列步骤：第一步、判断是否发生协商碰撞，如果是则继续，否则结束；第二步、发送端丢弃对端发送过来的第一条协商请求报文；第三步、发送端重发本地的第一条协商请求报文。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。