协商

This fault is described below: In some conditions, the offer/answer signaling for media negotiation will be unmatched. Present paper also analyzes present solution and point out its drawback. Proposing a new solution resolving the problem that offer/answer is unmatched in original offer/answer mode of early media negotiation. This solution resolves the problem from two aspects including SDP message content and SIP signaling integrity.

本文贡献可归纳为以下几个方面：(1)分析了IMS系统中多实体会话建立的信令流程，并对其中早期媒体协商的过程进行了研究，发现了原SIP规范所提供的媒体协商所使用的提供／应答模式应用在早期媒体中的缺陷：在某些情况下，用于进行媒体协商的提供／应答信令出现不匹配情况。

The interval estimation information given by estimators is classfied. The bargaining interval and bargaining value is also determined for each class information. Then, the information of the bargaining interval and bargaining value is integrated by utilizing the induced ordered weighted averaging operator. The problem to choice the weighted vector of the IOWA operator is also discussed.

首先对评价者给出的区间赋值信息进行分类，确定各类信息的协商区间和协商值；然后利用所导出的有序加权平均算子对各类信息的协商区间和协商值进行集成，并对如何选取IOWA算子加权向量的问题进行了讨论。

In Chapter 7 works focus on the implementation of a Distributed Negotiation system, the Decision Space is the environment in Multi-agent system..

第七章讨论了分布协商系统的实现方法。分布协商系统中往往包括多个协商代理，因此是多代理(Multi-agent)系统。

Then the powerful fuzzy operator of generalized probability product and the one of generalized probability sum were introduced into NFS, and the formulas for training the parameters in NFS were given.

实验结果表明，NFS是有效的，具有较好的性能；基于NFS的协商策略符合人类协商的思维和常规，能获得更高的协商收益和协商效率。

The present study applied fuzzy theory and Fuzzy MCDM to build a strategy which utilizes Fuzzy MCDM for accessory negotiation. This strategy calculated every accessory's fuzzy evaluation and negotiation insistency for selection and negotiation. At last, a shopping website with the function of accessory negotiation was built on the Internet in the expectation that it can make progress in both buyers' satisfaction and sellers' earnings.

因此本研究运用模糊理论与Fuzzy MCDM的机制与方法，建立Fuzzy MCDM为附属品的协商机制之策略，计算出各附属品的模糊评估值与协商坚持度，以为遴选之依据与协商之准则；最后在网路上实作建置一个具有协商附属品功能的购物网站，藉由系统的建立期能获取消费者满意度且成就商家的营业收入之双重利基。

For situations of self-rational agents, Inter-Multi-Agent-Contract was formulated to describe the negotiation status of distributed planning and scheduling. Monotonously increasing voidance and violence penalties were defined to facilitate reciprocal cooperation. Negotiation protocol was designed based on bidding and bargaining theory. Commitment mechanism that permits non-immediately effective commitments and enforces monotonously increasing voidance penalty was defined to promote the efficiency of negotiation.

在个体理性条件下的分布计划和调度问题研究中，定义了多代理间合约来描述协商状态，提出通过单调递增的失效和违约惩罚机制来促进代理间的互利协作；基于投标、讨价还价理论建立了合约协商协议，提出通过非即时生效和失效函数单调递增的承诺机制来提高合约协商效率；针对问题域的时间限制定义了协商停止问题，提出了若干解决上述问题的方法。

This algorithm can be used to choose negotiation rival and update the initial beliefs of the Agent before negotiation,and plays a guidable role in selecting and implementing the tactics in Agent negotiation,and improve the utility and efficiency in the negotiation.

该算法可用于Agent协商开始前协商对手的选择和初始信念的更新，对Agent在协商中策略的选择和执行具有指导作用，能有效提高Agent在协商中的效用及效率。

Its characteristics are: freedom,diversity and equality of the main consulting participants; publicity and openness in consultilation; institutionality of consulting process; reason and responsibility 国际政治论文 owned by the participants.

其特征表现为：协商参与主体平等性和自由性；协商参与主体范围的社会论文多元性；协商的公共性和公开性；协商程序的制度性；协商参与主体必须富有理性和责任性。

A negotiable document having enhanced security for deterring the generation of counterfeit photocopies of the negotiable document, said negotiable document comprising: a front face; a signature area located on the front face; a first pantographic background design creating a seemingly random background covering a first area of the negotiable document; and a second pantographic design creating a seemingly random background covering the signature area of the negotiable document; and a warning clause, located in the signature area, having a background and print that is visible prior to and after any photocopying of the negotiable document and describing the second pantographic design of the signature area.

可协商文档由于加强了安全性可以防止产生影印的赝品可协商文档。这种可协商文档通常由一个封面，封面上的签名区，一个覆盖可协商文档首部的可缩放的背景设计产生一个表面上随机的背景和一个位于签名区的警告条款，这一条款的背景对于影印的可协商文档是可见的并且在影印文档的前面描绘签名区的第二种缩放设计。

The method includes following steps:(1) determining whether collision of negotiation occurs; if yes, then continuance, otherwise ending;(2) sending end discards first piece of message of negotiation request sent from opposite terminal;(3) the sending end retransmits local first piece of message of negotiation request.

本发明公开了一种解决因特网密钥协商协议中协商碰撞的方法，包括下列步骤：第一步、判断是否发生协商碰撞，如果是则继续，否则结束；第二步、发送端丢弃对端发送过来的第一条协商请求报文；第三步、发送端重发本地的第一条协商请求报文。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。