半膜的

Generally only through the solvent and solute film can not call it ideal semipermeable membrane.

对透过的物质具有选择性的薄膜称为半透膜，一般将只能透过溶剂而不能透过溶质的薄膜称之为理想半透膜。

The osmosis phenomenon was studied with different semipermeable membranes such as nanofiltration membrane and reverseosmosis membrane.

用纳滤、反渗透膜等不同的半透膜进行渗透实验，试验了溶质种类、浓度、渗透压、搅拌混合等的影响，结果表明纳滤膜等新型的半透膜具有良好的渗透性能和较好的应用前途。

Mainly using protein - film voltammetric technique, we have achieved direct electrochemical response of lots of proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytocrome c, cytocrome b5, horseradish peroxiase, GOD ,Vitreoscillia sp. haemoglobin, etc., at a series of protein membrane modified electrodes, for instance, protein/kieselgubr, protein/polyethylene glycol, protein/polyethyleneimine, protein/phosphatidylcholine, protein/DNA, protein/montmorillonite/polyvinyl alcohol, protein/silver nanoparticle/ cysteamine membrane modified electrode, etc., which are prepared by casting, incorperating or layer by layer self-assembly methods. Electrochemical behavior of these proteins in the films have been studied, and their structural and conformational changes have also been examined with spectrometric techniques.

三年来，在基金委的支持下，我们以蛋白膜伏安法这一新技术作为主要的研究手段，并结合其他生物、化学技术，研究了血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、细胞色素C、细胞色素b5、辣根过氧化物酶、葡萄糖氧化酶以及好氧革兰式阴性菌透明颤菌中的血红素类蛋白等多种蛋白质在以涂布和自组装方法制成的蛋白质/硅藻土膜、蛋白质/聚乙二醇膜、蛋白质/卵磷脂膜、蛋白质/聚乙烯亚胺膜、蛋白质/蒙托石/聚乙烯醇自组装膜以及蛋白质/银胶/半胱胺自组装膜等修饰电极上的直接电化学行为，结合各种光谱技术，对蛋白质在膜中的构象进行表征，探索其电子传递机理。

RESULT: 1.Ouabain act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane discontinuous,epithelium cells clustered,occluding zonule seperated,lens fiber layers fractured.Under the EM,cells totally hollowed,mitochondria swelling,myelin figure appeared.RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.2.Digoxin act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens cell oedema,linkage distructed,extensive exfoliation.Under the EM,plasma appeared little half-transparant hollow region,mitochondria swelling and ridge disappeared. RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.3.Amphotericin B act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens epithelium cells linked tightly,arranged in-line,lens fiber layers arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,abbundant cellular organes,exuberant cells function indicated. RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1 and α3-isoform are increased significantly,demonstrated isoform-specific action.4D-thyroxine act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens plasmalemma integrated,cells arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,nucleus fission appeared,desmosome half-desmosome and tensile microfilaments linked the cells. RT-PCR examine,α2 and α3-isoform are increased, also demonstrated isoform-specific action.5.Vitamin E act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane continuous and smooth,epithelium cells tightly linked,lens fiber layers appearede hollow region occasionally.Under the EM,lateral membrane high density belt appeared,abundant nucleolus. RT-PCR examine,onlyα1-isoform are increased, demonstrated significantly isoform-specific action.6.DMSO act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane slightly thicker,cells linkage partly distructed.Under the EM,plasmalemma denaturation,mitochondria swelling.RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all altered slightly and haven't significant meanning.

结果：1、哇巴因作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜断裂、上皮细胞聚积、闭合连接分离、纤维板层裂隙，电镜下全层细胞空泡化、线粒体肿胀出现髓样结构，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。2、地高辛作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体细胞水肿、细胞连接破坏、广泛剥离，电镜下胞质见少许半透明空化区、线粒体肿胀嵴消失，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。3、两性霉素B作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体上皮细胞紧密连接、线状排列、纤维板层紧密规整，电镜下细胞器丰富、细胞功能旺盛，RT-PCR法检测α1及α3表达显著增强、具有一定的重整异构作用特异性。4、D甲状腺素作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体质膜完整、细胞排列紧密规整，电镜下胞核见分裂像、细胞间有桥粒、半桥粒及张力微丝，RT-PCR法检测α2及α3表达均增强、亦有一定的重整异构作用特异性。5、维生素E作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜连续光滑、上皮细胞紧密连接、纤维板层偶见空化，电镜下囊侧膜内有高电子密度带、细胞核仁丰富，RT-PCR法检测仅有α1的表达显著增强、具有极强的重整异构作用特异性。6、二甲基亚砜作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜轻度增厚、细胞连接部分破坏，电镜下质膜变性、线粒体肿胀，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达无显著改变。

Fruit dehiscent siliques or rarely silicles, linear or rarely oblong, terete, 4-angled, latiseptate, or angustiseptate, sessile or rarely shortly stipitate; valves with an obscure to prominent midvein, pubescent on outside, rarely also on inside, keeled or not, smooth or torulose; replum rounded; septum complete, membranous, translucent or opaque, veinless; style obsolete or short, rarely half as long as or subequaling fruit, often pubescent; stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed.

开裂的果长角果或很少短角果，线形或很少长圆形，，四棱形，具宽隔膜，果实狭隔的或，无梗或很少具短柄；裂爿具一不明显对突出中脉，短柔毛在外面上，在里面也很少，与否龙骨状，近念珠状的平滑或；假隔膜绕行；完全，膜的隔膜，不透明的半透明或，；废退的花柱或短，或的一半很少果，通常短柔毛；柱头头状，全缘的或2裂。

Appear principle teacher to make such explanatory normally to adding those who show film when film ply is incident light when the 1/4 that grows in filmy medium wave, going up filmily, the road path difference of the reflex below is equal to half wavelengh fitly, offset each other consequently.

对于增透膜的增透原理老师通常作这样的解释当薄膜的厚度是入射光在薄膜中波长的1/4时，在薄膜的上、下面的反射光的路程差恰好等于半个波长，因而相互抵消。

Anthers with apical appendages, these with conspicuous membranous margin; pollinia without prominent translucent margin.

花药具顶端附属物，这些具明显的膜质边缘；没有突出的半透明的边的花粉块。

Anthers without apical appendages or, if appendages present, inconspicuous and lacking membranous margin; pollinia with prominent translucent margin.

没有顶端附属物或，如果附属物宿存，不明显和缺乏的膜质边缘的花药；有突出的半透明的边的花粉块。

Oil and polyol firstly hydrolyze, and then react with maleic anhydride to give semi ester, the residual maleic anhydride hydrolyzing to give maleic acid, finally are adducted with DCPD. The result of experiment shows that the synthesized resin is of perfect air drying performance and improved flexibility and anti-greening because of the use of oil, meetin...

试验结果表明，油与多元醇在210～220℃下先醇解，然后与顺酐反应形成半酯，剩余顺酐水解成顺丁烯二酸，然后与DCPD加成，合成的树脂具有优良的空干性；同时油的使用极大地提高了涂膜的柔韧性和抗绿化性，得到的树脂性能上可满足涂料用不饱和聚酯树脂的要求。

Because the concentrations of heptachlor, aldrin, o, p-DDT, p, p'-DDE and p, p'-DDT in SPMD are lower than those in water, these contaminants are not suitable to be sampled by this SPMD. The results of field experiment done at the Liangshui river prove the feasibility of SPMD used in groundwater monitoring. But detailed work is needed to be done in order to explain some unusual field experiment results.

七氯、艾氏剂、o，p-DDT、p，p'-DDE以及p，p'-DDT组分在膜中的平衡浓度远小于它们在水中浓度，不适于用此种半透膜取样器进行富集；在凉水河岸边的野外实验结果也验证了半透膜装置监测地下水有机氯农药的可行性，但其个别组分的结果出现异常，需要在该地区进一步开展工作进行研究。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。