半乳糖体

Abrin is one of the potent toxins isolated from the beans of plant abrus precatorius.the toxic protein consists of two disulfide-bonded subunits,the a and b chains.the b chain is a galactose-specific lectin that facilitates the binding of abrin to the cell membrane that precedes endocytosis.after entering the cells,the a chain catalytically inactivates 60s ribosomal subunits by removing adenine position 4324 of 28s r–rna,and thereby inhibits protein biosynthesis.

相思子毒素是从豆科植物(abrus precatorius l。)种子中分离的一种细胞毒性蛋白。它由a，b两条链组成，由一个二硫键相联，b链具有半乳糖凝集活性，可与细胞膜上受体结合，帮助a链进入细胞内，a链进入细胞催化失活60s核糖体亚基，从而使细胞蛋白合成被抑制。

To study and know well the rudimentary knowledge and the basic techniques of modern Microbiology are demanded for Graduate students. The experiments including the principle and operation of phase contrast microscope and fluorescence microscope; Microphotography , the technique of photographic enlargement;Applications of polymerase chain reaction ; Construction, transformation and detection of plasmid in E.coli ; Infectivity of virus and its molecular detection ; The technique of protoplast fusion in filamentary fungi ; Induction and purification of β-galactosidase from E.coli and assay the enzyme activity; Detection of GC content and DNA-DNA hybridization in bacteria ; Production , extraction and detection of poly--hyduoxy butyrate from bacteria.

以实验教学为主，要求研究生学习和掌握一些现代微生物学研究所需的基本技术，内容包括：相差显微镜、荧光显微镜的使用和显微摄影技术，PCR技术的应用，细菌质粒的构建、转化及检测技术，病毒的侵染性及其分子检测技术，丝状真菌原生质体融合技术，大肠杆菌β-半乳糖苷酶的分离及纯化及其动力学测定技术，细菌G+C mol%的测定及细菌DNA-DNA杂交技术和聚羟基丁酸产生菌的发酵、产物提取及检测技术等。

Pectin is complex polysaccharides rich in galactoside residues and it is most abundant in citrus fruits.

果胶主要是由半乳糖醛酸所构成的多醣体且其存在於柑橘类水果中。

Objective: To investigate association between genetic variants of 804 C/A in lymphotoxin-α and 3279C/T in LGALS2 and susceptibility risk of coronary arteriosclerosis disease.

目的：研究淋巴毒素－α804C/A及其配体半乳糖凝集素－2(LGALS2)C3279T基因变异与冠心病罹患风险之间的关系。

Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001 China）Abstract:Objective To study the distribution and liver targeting of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives (stearin glycyrrhetinic acid ester-3-O-galactosidase, Gal-GAOSt) modifying norcantharidin liposomes (Gal-GAOStNC-LP) in rats.

目的 研究甘草次酸衍生物（甘草次酸硬脂醇酯-3-O-半乳糖苷，Gal-GAOSt）修饰去甲斑蝥素脂质体(Gal-GAOStNC-LP)在小鼠体内的分布及肝靶向性。方法利用薄膜分散法制备甘草次酸衍生物修饰去甲斑蝥素脂质体后，经小鼠尾静脉给药，采用HPLC法检测去甲斑

LacZ gene was fused with the promoter of the acoR gene and bkdR gene, and two recombined genes were expressed in sigL mutant strain and HD-73 wild strain sequentially.

分别将调控aco操纵子（编码3-羟基丁酮脱氢酶系统）的转录调节基因acoR和调控bkd操纵子（编码催化支链脂肪酸合成的酶系统）的转录调节基因bkdR的启动子与lacZ基因融合，并转入出发菌株和sigL突变体中，测定b-半乳糖苷酶的活性。

Methods: cell biological assay, histochemical staining of senescence associated-β-galactosidase and immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen wereused. Results: chondrocytes exhibited various types of amitotic figures.

应用细胞生物学方法、衰老相关-β-半乳糖苷酶组织化学染色和增殖细胞核抗原免疫组织化学方法，研究正常成人和正常成体大鼠气管软骨组织动力学。

In humans, genetic defects of CathA cause galactosialidosis, a metabolic disease characterized by combined deficiency of CathA, GAL, and Neu1 and a lysosomal storage of sialylated glycoconjugates.

在人类，CathA的遗传缺失可引起半乳糖唾液酸沉积症，一种以CathA、 GAL、 Neu1不足和唾液酸化糖结合物在溶酶体的沉为特征的代谢疾病。

Based on relative literatures,this part has included five resesearch aspects as below.1 Fifteen compounds were isolated and purified by extraction,column chromatography,and their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis: acteoside(Ⅰ-1),isoacteoside(Ⅰ-2),crenatoside(Ⅰ-3),cistanoside F(Ⅰ-4),sinapoyl-4-O-β-D-glucoside(Ⅰ-5),adenosine(Ⅰ-6),β-siterol(Ⅰ-7),oleanic acid(Ⅰ-8), succinic acid(Ⅰ-9),caffeic acid(Ⅰ-10),protocatechuic aldehyde(Ⅰ-11),p-hydro xybenzyl alcohol(Ⅰ-12),β-daucosterol(Ⅰ-13),D-galacitol(Ⅰ-14),D-mannitol(Ⅰ-15).Ⅰ-4～15 were obtained from this plant for the first time,andⅠ-6,7,9,and 13 were isolated from Orobanche genus for the first time.2 The scavenging test of DPPH showed that most compounds have comparative antioxidant activity as L-ascorbic acid and part of them show better activity such as the O.coerulescens extract and phenylethanoid glycosides.Acteoside showed potent free radical scavenging effects with a median inhibition concentration of 25.6μg/ml.3 The anti-HBV activities of acteoside,isoacteoside and crenatoside were measured,and all of them showed suppressive activity on the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg in the HepG2.2.15 cell line.

本论文在文献调研基础上对紫花列当化学成分及生物活性进行了研究，并从免疫抗病毒角度探讨紫花列当中特征性成分类叶升麻苷的肝保护作用及其机制。1采用大孔树脂、硅胶和Sephadex LH-20等色谱技术对紫花列当进行系统的植物化学研究，从中分离得到19个化合物，利用UV和NMR等波谱手段及理化性质鉴定了其中的15个化合物，分别为类叶升麻苷(Ⅰ-1)、异类叶升麻苷(Ⅰ-2)、crenatoside(Ⅰ-3)、cistanoside F(Ⅰ-4)、sinapoyl-4-O-β-D-glucoside(Ⅰ-5)、腺苷(Ⅰ-6)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅰ-7)、齐墩果酸(Ⅰ-8)、琥珀酸(Ⅰ-9)、咖啡酸(Ⅰ-10)、原儿茶醛(Ⅰ-11)、对羟甲基苯甲酸(Ⅰ-12)、β-胡萝卜苷(Ⅰ-13)、D-半乳糖醇(Ⅰ-14)和甘露醇(Ⅰ-15除化合物Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2和Ⅰ-3外，其余化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。2)通过大孔树脂富集该药材有效部位苯乙醇总苷，并采用HPLC测得其所含特征性成分类叶升麻苷的含量可达80%以上。3DPPH自由基清除试验显示紫花列当提取物及其所含的苯乙醇苷类化合物均具有较好的抗氧化能力，其清除DPPH自由基能力接近于抗坏血酸。4采用卡介苗整体致敏、脂多糖离体攻击构建大鼠原代肝细胞免疫性损伤模型，在体外观察类叶升麻苷的保肝作用。

Effects of arabinogalactan proteins in pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Torenia fourieri and Nicotiana tabacum were studied with the in vitro pollen tube growth system.

采用花粉离体培养技术研究了阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白(arabinogalactan proteins， AGPs)在烟草和蓝猪耳花粉萌发及花粉管生长中的作用。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。