十四世纪

St. Gaudentius, Bishop of Brescia in the beginning of the fifth century (d. about 410 or 427), received particles of the ashes of martyrs during a voyage in the East, and placed them with other relics in the altar of the basilica which he had erected, at the consecration of which he delivered a discourse, still extant (PL, XX, 959 sqq.) Near the Church of Santa Maria Antiqua, in the Roman Forum, built in the fifth century, a chapel was found, built, like the church itself, on an ancient site, and consecrated to the Forty Martyrs.

圣gaudentius主教，布雷西亚在年初五世纪（四约410或427 ），收到颗粒骨灰的烈士，在航程中在东部地区，并把他们与其他文物，在祭坛上的大教堂，其中他曾架设，在consecration这期间，他发表了话语，仍尚存（特等， XX条， 959 sqq ）附近的教堂Santa Maria antiqua ，在罗马广场，建於5世纪，一个小礼拜堂被发现，建像教会本身，对一个古老的网站，以及consecrated至第四十四烈士。

Its on the oriental stage that a series of oncoming and dormant Oedipus tragedies-incest tragedies, with which the westerners are so familiar regardless of performance on the somewhere strange stage, are highlights, so that the western spectators not only can enjoy the different exotic cultural charms, but from the commanding perspective fell the superiority of their own culture in this fabricated cultural context featured with backward, isolation and far from the reality. In addition, Zhang prefers to the method of time lagging in the film text formation, so that the textual times usually drag back to the past on purpose such as 1930s, 1940s, per-anti-Japanese war period as well as 1960s and 1970s; apart from this, the far-off areas far from the cultural center are chosen as the film space, all which get together to set up a static, stagnate and hiding Chinese traditional cultural context symbolized by backward, barbarousness and ignorantness to satisfy the male desire.

为了营造这个虚拟舞台，张艺谋影片中的采用了时间的滞后性策略，影片中的故事本文时间均选择了过去：十九世纪三十、四十年代，抗战前期，六七十年代；影片中的本文空间均选择了远离文化中心的边缘地带，通过时间的滞后策略和空间的边缘策略来满足一个停滞的、凝固的、静止的落后而由愚昧野蛮的中国传统文化语境；将处于社会边缘的女性放置在其中，利用观众位置的双重性认同结构，巧妙利用女性这一表层可见视觉中心和读解影片时意义渐隐的策略来遮掩和移位其真正的作者意识形态：即重复再一次对女性的观看，满足东西方男性的窥视欲望。

There are about 40 famous European Old Masters and Impressionist's artworks showing, including Mirou, one of the best landscape oil painter of 16th century, Goyen, the most important Holland painter of 17th century, de la Fosse, the most famous of the era of Louis 14, and Corot and Renoir.

如16世纪被列为世界上最杰出的景观艺术家安东尼·米罗；17世纪荷兰派最有影响力的风景画家歌岩，其画风影响了后来的浪漫派画家；17世纪法国最具影响力的肖像画家德拉佛斯，他是路易十四的宫廷画家；19世纪最出色的风景画家柯罗；印象派的大师雷诺阿等更是家喻户晓。

Following this context and along different viewpoints of personality-character arrangement and music interpretation for love and death, this research is trying to explore: firstly, comparing the characters of Jago Otello and Desdemona separately in original text with them in opera text, the specific aesthetic viewpoints of conflict and evil in nineteenth century would in this way be clarified. Hence, basing on the ending of the act IV in the opera, the representation of different viewpoints of death in nineteenth century from that in the era of Shakespeare will be musically interpreted.

对此，本研究没要从人物性格的设计以及音乐里如例诠释爱与死的看法两方面进行探讨：首先比较原著与歌剧文本在Jago、Otello、Desdemona三人情格刻划方面的差异，藉此突显属於十九世纪时代的对立冲突性以及恶的美学观；尔后，再以歌剧中第四幕的结束场景为出发点，探究音乐手法如何同样地反映出十九世纪有别於莎士比亚时代的死亡观。

Justina of Padua. In Italy the chief groups had their centres at Cluse in Piedmont, at Fonte Avellana, which united to the Camaldolese congregation in 1569, La Cava, which joined the congregation of St. Justina in the fifteenth century, and Sasso-Vivo, which was suppressed as a separate federation in the same century and its forty houses united to other congregations of the Benedictine family.

在意大利的主要群体有其中心Cluse在皮埃蒙特，在丰特Avellana ，其中美国的Camaldolese聚集在1569年，拉卡瓦，其中加入了教会的圣太在15世纪，和萨索体内，这是抑制作为一个单独的联合会在同一世纪，其第四十四房屋统一到其他教区的本笃家庭。

Chapter 4 ----the theory of literature influence, exclusively discusses about the influence picaresque novel has on the European literature in 17th and 18th century, and the influence picaresque novel has on the American-European literature in 19th and 20th century.

第四章《文学影响论》，通过对历代欧美文学的检视与梳理，分别论述了流浪汉小说对十七与十八世纪欧洲文学的影响，流浪汉小说对十九与二十世纪欧美文学的影响。

In the eighteen fifties, an expert with a telegraph key could send about thirty-five to forty words in a minute. It took several hours to send a lot of information.

在十九世纪五十年代，一位电报专家每分钟大约能够发送三十五至四十个字，要发送大量消息需要好几个小时。

Thus Judges, xv, 8-10, recalls Israel's delivery from Egypt and its conquest of the Promised Land; Judges, xi, 12-28, states incidents recorded in Num., xx, 14; xxi, 13,24; xxii, 2; Judges, xiii, 4, states a practice founded on the law of the Nazarites in Num., vi, 1-21; Judges, xviii, 31, speaks of the tabernacle existing in the times when there was no king in Israel; Judges, xx, 26-8 mentions the ark of the covenant, the various kinds of sacrifices, and the Aaronic priesthood.

因此，法官，十五，八月十日，回顾了以色列的交付从埃及和其征服应许之地；法官，十一，十二月二十八日，国家的事件记录在NUM个， XX条，第14条；二十一世纪， 13，24 ；二十二， 2 ；法官，十三，四，各国做法的基础上，法律的nazarites在NUM个。，六， 1月21日；法官， 18 ， 31 ，谈幕，在现有的时候，有没有国王在以色列；法官， XX条， 26-8提到的方舟盟约，各种牺牲，和aaronic神职人员。

Eighteen centuries later,"OK" appeared in the United States in the 1840s, and is probably an abbreviation of the then President Martin Van Buren's nickname, Old Kinderhook, a reference to his birthplace in Kindehook, New York.

在18个世纪后的十九世纪四十年代，&OK&一词在美国出现，据说很可能是当时总统马丁·范·布伦（1837-1841）的绰号 Old Kinderhook 的缩写，意指他在纽约 Kinderhook 的家乡。

In the process of immigration of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei, at least three issues are worthy of noting: one, the settlers had a difficult trip, life was unstable and crafts was extremely difficult in the mountain region in early time; two, Land disputes are more common in initial time of immigration, occupying boundary, subleasing, reselling and looting land often caused fights even murder, which shows early highly complex relation of immigration in community; three, immigrants plays a very important role in the development of local economy. If the local economic development can be divided into four stages, the fourth period (that is, from the middle of the 18th century to the 19th century) is the most important period for immigration, is the period of fastest development of economy and is the period of the local economic development the largest impacted by immigrants.

初期移民社会至少有三个问题引起本文注意，首先、移民们行程艰难，到达深山地区初期的生活很不稳定，劳作极其艰辛；其次、土地纠纷是初期移民社会较为普遍的现象，蒙混占界、转租转卖、抢占土地往往引起群殴甚至酿成命案，初期移民社会围绕土地争夺而展开的各种关系极为复杂；三、移民给当地社会经济带来了较大的变化，如果可以将唐宋至十九世纪末当地经济的发展分为四个时期，那么，第三个时期(即十八世纪中叶到十九世纪)是移民的重要时期也是当地经济发展最快的时期，移民对经济发展变化的影响是很大的。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。