十五世纪

Theexpected utility theory based on the axioms isalso very important in modern decision-making theory.Form late fifties lastcentury,some scientists ahead by Allais and Edwards,try to check the facticity ofthe rational decision-making models applied to the real decision-making behavior,but find it unsatisfactory.For example,Allais Paradox and Preference Circleschallenge the axioms critically.

从二十世纪五十年代后期开始，以Allais和Edwards为首的一批学者从心理学的角度参与了实际决策行为的研究，他们从实证的观点去考察理性决策模型在实际决策行为中的真实性，不断地发现这些模型在应用中表现出各种偏差，Allais悖论的设计和克星循环现象的发现对Von Neumann-Morgenstern理性行为公理提出了有力的挑战。

This is a term coined in the 1950s by the cybernetician Ross Ashby who built some of the first electronically adaptive models.

这个术语，是在二十世纪五十年代由控制论专家罗斯·艾希比创造出来的——他是最早的某些电子自适应模型的建造者。

The momentum of today's thriving industries on Grand Bahama Island began in the 1950s, when the cities of Freeport and Lucaya were developed.

大巴哈马岛蓬勃发展的产业部门起步于二十世纪五十年代，当时自由港和卢卡亚才刚刚发展起来。

This paper narrates the background of basic facts and influences of bawdry in Tianjin during the period of 1950s replacing 1940s, which sets off CPC' s conviction of clearing away bawdry, the social cancer in the course of taking over city just after establishing PRC.

本文通过对二十世纪四五十年代之交天津市娼业概况及其影响的背景叙述，衬托出建国初期中国共产党人在接管大城市过程中清除娼业这一社会毒瘤的信念。

By the middle of the nineteen fifties, he had his own band. It was one of the most popular black dance bands in the country. A group of women sang with the band.

到二十世纪五十年代，他有了他自己的乐队，这是一支在乡村最受欢迎的黑人乐队，有一群女歌手和这支乐队一起演出。

At present, the assay methods for the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity that has been reported were almost developed in

目前已有报导的丙酮酸脱氢酶系活性测定方法几乎都是二十世纪五六十年代就发展起来的。

With the expanding and self-improvement of direct finance market from the middle of 20 centuries, the mode of enterprise financing has changed much, which is known as disintermediation. The market-based financial system has become the choice of many countries which is characterized by direct financing, and the effect and function of banks is facing much greater challenging than ever before.

二十世纪五六十年代以来，随着西方国家直接金融市场规模的迅速扩张和功能的日趋完善，企业的外部融资方式发生了重大变化，以直接融资为特征的市场主导型金融模式成为许多国家金融体制选择的目标，银行在社会经济生活中的作用和功能受到了前所未有的挑战。

The musical instruments used are worth mentioning. Of the 20 instruments, 5 were made as early as the ninth century, among which two violins have the longest history. One is a Stradivarius made at 1724, the other a Guamerius at 1776. Being praised by musicians and collectors from all over the world over the past century, they are the best of the best musical instruments.

尤其值得一提的是演奏家们所使用的乐器，乐团现有的二十把乐器中，有五把产于19世纪，其中年代最为久远的是两把小提琴，一把是1724年的名牌Stradivarius，另一把是1776年的Guarnerius，半个世纪以来，一直被各国音乐家和收藏家所推崇，属于世界级的收藏绝品。

Mr. Ying Yuandao ever summarized the discussions on the Christianity Localization Movement in China in the 1920s, and held that the so-called localized Christian churches should have the following characteristics:"First, churches of the Chinese; Second, set up according to the experiences of the Chinese Christians; Third, with rich quality of Chinese culture; Fourth, combine Christianity and Chinese culture into a whole; Fifth, suits the spirits and psychology of the Chinese People; Sixth, enables the religious life and experience of the Chinese Christians to be adapted to Chinese customs"1. In the 1960s, Japanese scholar Sumiko Yamamoto made more detailed summarization for the definition of the Localization Movement of the Churches in China in her article "The Independent Movement of Christianity in China in the 1920s":"First, churches are formed of Chinese; Second, churches are independent in administration and operation; Third, churches have independence in the economic aspect; Fourth, churches are adapted to the Chinese in the aspects of church building, divine music, divine painting and liturgy etc. Fifth, accommodate the sacrificial fete and customs of the Chinese and Christianize them; Sixth, churches must be involved in the practical issues in the State and the society of China; Seventh, churches must get rid the tradition and colors of the European and American churches; Eighth, churches must be able to control themselves, sustain themselves and spread by themselves."

应元道先生曾对20世纪20年代开展的中国基督教本色运动的讨论加以概括，认为所谓本色的基督教会应有以下几个特点：&一是中华国民的教会；二是根据中国基督教徒自己的经验而设立的；三是富有中国文化的质素的；四是要把基督教与中国文化合而为一的；五是能适合中华民族的精神和心理的；六是能使中国基督徒的宗教生活和经验合乎中国风土的& [1]。60年代，日本学者山本澄子在其所著的《二十年代中国基督教的自立运动》一文中，对中国教会本色化运动的定义作了更详细的概括：&一，以中国人为教会的构成；二，教会的行政与运作等方面的自立；三，教会在经济方面的自立；四，教会在教堂建筑、圣乐、圣画、礼拜仪式等方面的中国化；五，容纳中国人的祭祀与习俗，并与基督教化；六，教会要置身于中国国家与社会的现实问题之内；七，教会要除去欧美教会的传统与色彩；八，教会要能自治、自养、自传。&

It had been a long journey from the gold standard of the 19th century, via the restored gold-exchange standard of the 1920s, the monetary chaos of the 1930s, the Bretton Woods system of adjustable exchange rates of the 1950s and 1960s, the termination of dollar convertibility into gold in 1971, and the monetary targeting of the 1970s and 1980s.

从19世纪的金本位制，上世纪20年代的恢复金汇兑标准，30年代的货币混乱，五六十年代的布雷顿森林体系的可调节汇率制，到1971年结束美元对黄金的可兑换性和七八年代的货币目标政策，金融业已经走过了一个漫长的旅程。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。