医疗

However, during the practice of carrying the new rural cooperative medical service system, first we must solve these issues, such as: the ambiguousness of the attribute, the fuzziness of target location, the high cost and much difficulty of propaganda, the weak sense of peasants' heath care and shared risk, the weak administrative capacity of medical institutions, the worrying of doctor-patient moral standards, the lag of legislation, the low service level of designated medical institutions, the lack of operability in fund raises system and the weak responsibility consciousness of the government.

尽管我们在理论上能够阐明实施新型农村合作医疗制度的意义、试点的目标和要求、资金筹集和监管机制、医疗管理能力建设要求、完善农村卫生服务体系目标，但是在实施新型农村合作医疗制度的实践中，我们却必须要首先解决诸如属性不明确、目标定位模糊、宣传推动成本高、难度大、农民健康保健及风险共担意识淡薄、医疗机构行政管理能力较弱、对医患双方道德水准的担忧、立法工作滞后、定点医疗机构服务水平较低、筹资机制缺乏可操作性、政府责任意识不强等因素的制约。

Career choices include entry-level positions such as medical assistant, pharmacy technician, medical secretary, laboratory technician, medical biller, phlebotomist, clinical assistant, insurance claim representative, medical office manager, and other general medical and clerical jobs.

职业选择，包括入门，例如医疗助理，制药技术，医疗秘书，实验室技术人员，医疗比勒，抽血，临床助理，代表保险理赔，医疗办公室经理职位，以及其他一般医疗和文职工作。

In China, in virtue of the costliness of health care expenses and the lowness of average consumer income, parts of consumers are unable to purchase enough health care to meet their true health care demand. Health insurance would improve this situation.

由于存在部分较低收入消费者，在社会医疗保险支付部分医疗服务费用后，低收入消费者的医疗服务需要得到了释放，其无保险时被严重压制的基本医疗需求得到了满足，这部分过渡利用医疗服务造成的医疗花费大大增加了低收入者的效用，也是对整体社会福利的增进。

Author also compares the coverage and need of different kinds of medical insurance, compares and analysis different kinds of medical insurance in US and development of HMO, then predict and design a draw of the system of medical insurance in China in which demostrate different kinds of medical insurance and their change.

此外，作者还通过对我国医疗保险体系构成、覆盖、需求情况进行比较，以及对美国医疗保险体系构成、HMO发展及变化进行分析，在此基础上预测并构建了我国的医疗保险变化示意图，它主要包含了我国医疗保险的主要成分及其变化，并将社区卫生服务契约制度纳入该体系，预测该制度将来会得到更快速的发展，成为我国医疗保险体系中的重要组成部分。

As we know, the insymmetry of medical information, the great ethical background and the indefinition of medical expenses, have greatly increase the supervising difficulty of medical insurance. It has been proved that we cannot control the growth of medical expenses simply by the enhancement of the supervision measures of insurance institutions. It is not the optimum choice. Through the analysis to behavior of the insurance institutions, medical agencies and the insurants, this paper has drawn a conclude that the fundamental reason of moral risk is the "third-party payment" social medical insurance system.

为了减少因道德风险而高涨的医疗费用，最安全的措施莫过于同时对医疗机构和被保险人进行监管，由于医疗信息的不对称，医疗消费浓重的伦理性色彩以及医疗消费的不确定性，增加了医保机构监管的难度，实践证明控制道德风险引发的医疗费用上涨，加大保险机构工作人员监管力度，往往不能达到预期的效果，显然不是一个最优的策略选择。

It can improve social efficiency by accelerating cooperation.with the development of china's medical reform,nongovernmental non profit medical inseitution must be the third sector between national nonprofit and ptivate profit institutions and acts significant funcfion The social welfare station of nonprofit institution woald gain the public support and help,furthermore obtain donation of philanthropy,companies ...

随着我国医疗改革的深入，由民间资本创立，旨在提供社会公共卫生服务的非营利性医疗机构将作为国有非营利性与民营营利性医疗机构的有效补充在医疗市场发挥作用。树立民营非营利性医疗机构的良好社会公众形象并获得群众大力支持和帮助，赢得慈善机构捐资、争取企业或个人赞助等均是非营利性医疗机构创造并利用社会资本，赢得生存和发展空间的关键。

On the basis of the national underdeveloped economic situation and the enormous disparity in the medical consumption levels among the regions, this compound method of the settlement is put forward to solve the prominent problems such as the unreasonable consumption in medical constitutions at each level, unguaranteed basic Medicare of the insured and overgrowth of the medical consumption. The application of the model will provide the new vision and novel insight for the reformation of the Medicare regulations in our country.

笔者基于我国经济不够发达以及地区间医疗消费水平差异较大的客观状况，提出了这种复合式结算模式，以图通过复合式医疗保险结算模式的运行，解决各级医疗机构消费不合理、参保者基本医疗得不到保障、医疗消费过度增长等一系列日显突出的矛盾和问题，为有关研究和我国医疗保险制度改革提供参考。

In view of the fact that the reform of the medicare system for workers and staff members is an extremely complicated work which concerns the practical interests of the broad masses of workers and staff members, is highly policy-oriented and involves wide segments of society, and to gain further experience, in accordance with the requirements of gradual establishment of the medicare system based on the combination of the unifiedly raised social medical funds of the cities and towns and individual medical accounts and quickening the pace of reform of the medicare system during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period contained in the "Program of the Ninth Five-Year Plan of National Economic and Social Development and 2010 Perspective Goals of the People's Republic of China" adopted at the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress, the State Council has decided on the basis of the experiment of Zhenjiang City and Jiujiang City, to further select a number of cities where the conditions are mature to extend the scope of experiment of the reform of the medicare system for workers and staff members in a planned way and step by step.

鉴于职工医疗保障制度改革关系到广大职工的切身利益，政策性强，涉及面广，是一项极为错综复杂的工作，为了进一步取得经验，按照八届全国人大四次会议通过的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展&九五&计划和2010年远景目标纲要》中关于&九五&期间加快医疗保障制度改革，逐步建立城镇社会统筹医疗基金与个人医疗帐户相结合的医疗保险制度的要求，国务院决定，在镇江、九江两市试点的基础上，再挑选一部分具备条件的城市，有计划、有步骤地扩大职工医疗保障制度改革的试点范围。

Analyzing the existing problems of medical insurance in China with both fair and efficiency took into account,a risk management model is developed for the three sides: social security departments,community's medical-care institutions and insurants.

深入剖析了我国医疗保险现存的问题，在公平与效率兼顾的基础上，借鉴美国管理式医疗的风险管理方法，提出了适合我国国情的全民社会医疗保险模式的构想，即以政府委托社会保障部门作为管理式医疗组织者，通过买入社区医疗服务网络这个买方期权，对冲其对投保人承担的卖出买方期权的风险，建立社会保障部门、社区医疗服务机构和投保人三方三位一体的风险管理模式。

The medicals in the CMS will try their best to create the surplus demand to fulfill their profits, and at the same time the people who take part in the CMS have the tendency to make the mutual profits by cooperating with the medicals through the trans-payments agreement, that comes the moral risk and the collusion of medicals and the patients. And the problems in the rural area are quite different from those arising in the towns and cities.

由于医疗保健市场的特殊性，医生将从自身利益最大化的角度出发，倾向于诱导过度需求；合作医疗的存在会导致医疗服务的消费者和供给者的道德风险和医患共谋，本文研究了道德风险和医患共谋产生的机理，指出消费者和医疗机构确实可以通过达成转移支付的子合同来获得联合剩余，并在此基础上研究了防范医患共谋产生的医疗保险合同应该具有的特性，还进一步指出农村合作医疗中的医患共谋问题的特点与城镇职工医疗保险中不同，前者主要是由于管理者缺位以及一些基本制度不完善造成的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。