北极区

But he said warmer temperatures in fall and spring were melting the top layers of snow,/which then refreeze as ice, making it harder for his reindeer to dig through /to the lichen they eat.

在北极区，在极端冰冷环境里生存了几百年的本地部落注意到了气候和野生动物的变化，他们想去适应这种变化，但常常不知所措。

Computer models have been predicting that the Arctic will not be ice-free, even for a short time in late summer, until 2040, and at present only icebreakers and the occasional lone yachtsman are getting through.

计算机模型的预测一直是，在2040年前北极区将不是无冰的，甚至在去年夏季的短时期内也是如此，而且现在只有破冰船和偶尔单独行驶的游艇驾驶者可以通过。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

And if there are auks in the arctic, are they auctioning arcs?

如果北极区有海雀科的鸟，它们在拍卖弧光灯吗

As in other parts of the Arctic, the indigenous people of Greenland are flexing their political muscles.

就像北极区其它地区一样，格陵兰岛的土著居民正在活动自己的政治神经。

Data from submarines suggest that Arctic sea ice has thinned by 40 percent in the past 30 years.

数据从潜艇提供那北极区海冰已经变薄40％在过去的30年。

In this it may be wrong, but there is no doubt that fossil fuel, the very agent that is destroying the Arctic, will become far more available as a result of the destruction it wreaks.

在这点上，俄罗斯也许是错误的，但是毫无疑问的是，化石燃料是破坏北极区的真正动因，将更可能成为被俄罗斯所引起的破坏的结果。

The birds are migrating from their winter area of the western Gulf Coast to their summer range of northern Alaska and Arctic Canada where they will breed

这群鸟正从位于墨西哥湾沿岸地区西部的冬季栖息地，迁徙到位于阿拉斯加北部和加拿大北极区的夏季栖息地，在那里他们将繁衍。

The structure and carbon flow of community in the pack ice, the contribution of ice community to the vertical carbon flux in the pack ice zone, and the adaptation of ice community to the micro-environments of sea ice were studied in the Canadian Basin and Greenland Sea through five Arctic cruises (the First and Second Chinese Arctic Expeditions, the 15th and 18th Germany "Polarstern" Arctic Cruises, and US-Canadian Joint "Louis St. Laurent" Canadian Basin Cruise).

本研究通过我国首次和第二次北极科学考察、参与德国第15和18北极航次和美-加2002北极航次等5个航次的调查，对北极夏、秋季浮冰的环境特性、生物群落结构和生物量、生物群落碳流、浮冰生物群落对浮冰区真光层垂向碳通量的贡献以及浮冰细菌的环境适应性进行了研究。

Widespread hydrocarbon occurrences were discovered in Devonian- Carboniferous carbonates of North Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia.

在俄罗斯北极区北新地岛的泥盆纪-石炭纪碳酸盐岩地层中发现了广泛的油气分布。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。