北冰洋

Siphonophora ; distribution ; Canada Basin ; Arctic Ocean.

管水母类；分布；北冰洋；加拿大海盆

It is one of the world's last great wildernesses, a 700-kilometre-long peninsula of lakes and squelching tundra stretching deep into the Arctic Ocean. For 1,000 years, the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the Yamal peninsula .

这是世界上仅存的大荒原之一，一个由湖泊和延伸到北冰洋的冻土带组成的长达700公里的半岛。1000年来，当地土生土长的涅涅茨人一直在亚马尔半岛一带迁徙。

Sea birds of the genus Stercorarius that harass smaller birds and snatch the food they drop.

贼鸥一种北冰洋及北海地区贼鸥属的海鸟，袭击幼小的鸟类并夺取丢下的食物

Any of several Arctic and Boreal sea birds of the genus Stercorarius that harass smaller birds and snatch the food they drop.

贼鸥一种北冰洋及北海地区贼鸥属的海鸟，袭击幼小的鸟类并夺取丢下的食物

They are confined to the unwooded shores of the Arctic Sea, rarely going far into the country, and having their proper home on the most desolate, cold, and forbidding part of the continent.

他们守着北冰洋海岸这片不毛之地，在这个北美大陆上最荒凉、最寒冷、最严酷的地方建起了自己的家，很少离开它一步。

In 1966 he wintered with the Polar Eskimos of North-West Greenland in order to learn their ways and techniques on the ice.

然后他怀着凌云壮志返回英国，争取那些著名的极地探险家的支持，以便皇家地质学会批准他跨越北冰洋的探险计划。1966年，为了学会生活在格陵兰西北部极地爱斯基摩人在冰雪上的生活方式与技能，他与他们生活了一个冬天。

Computer models have been predicting that the Arctic will not be ice-free, even for a short time in late summer, until 2040, and at present only icebreakers and the occasional lone yachtsman are getting through.

计算机模型已经预测到，至2040年，北冰洋的冰川将在夏季末的小段时间内不复存在，而现在，只有破冰船和偶尔的单个游艇能穿越。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

As the fur-bearing population gave out in one place, the Russians moved east and north, following the streams and portages of the rivers that flowed to the Arctic Ocean.

随着一处的居民被搜刮干净，他们就继续在流向北冰洋河流间的土地上，沿着溪流，朝东北方向移动。

As the fur-bearing population gave out in one place, the Russians moved east and north, following the streams and portages of the rivers that flowed to the Arctic Ocean.

当一个地方的皮毛被搜刮一空后，这些俄罗斯人就继续向东北方向游窜。他们沿着流向北冰洋的大河顺流而下，一条河道受阻时就寻找河流间的陆上通道然后进入另一河流继续漂流。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。