化石

A store Peking Man site locates the southwest building in Peking City mountain area a store main beam of boat mountain north, ising a material to enrich most in the world, most the human site of the earlier period in system, year in age.1921 In stone in old in and in worthy in most in the to 1927, the archeologist discovers outside" Peking Man" cave site three times successively three human tooths fossil,1929, discovers again Peking Man skull fossil, and artificial creation of tool with use the fire historic relic, the important cist that to become to frighten the world detection.A year a store site still discovers to be apart from to invite now summit of hill hole person's fossil a thousand yearseses ago with culture keepsake.

周口店北京人遗址位于北京市西南房山区周口店镇龙骨山北部，是世界上材料最丰富、最系统、最有价值的旧石器时代早期的人类遗址。1921年至1927年，考古学家先后三次在"北京人"洞穴遗址外发现三枚人类牙齿化石，1929年，又发现了北京人头盖骨化石，以及人工制作的工具和用火遗迹，遂成为震惊世界的重大考古发现。1930年在周口店遗址还发现距今约2万年前的山顶洞人化石和文化遗物。

Though the fossiliferous explosion known as the Cambrian period is often thought of as the beginning of animal life, animals actually appeared for the first time during a geological twilight called the Ediacaran, 635m-542m years ago, between the end of a great ice age and the arrival of all those well-preserved Cambrian fossils.

有不计其数的化石来自于寒武纪，尽管寒武纪被认为是动物最先出现的时期，但实际上，动物出现的最早证明来自于一个地质学上的突破发现，即存在于6.35亿与5.42亿年之间的埃迪卡拉动物群化石的发现，这个时间正位于大冰川期结束，化石大量被保存的寒武纪开始之前。

The study has shown:(1) With increasing sediment depth and the woody giblets, the total organic carbon, the extraction of benzene , the total humic acids and the unhydrolyte are enhanced, while the hydrolyte is decreasing.(2) According to the GC-MS analysis, n-alkane,n-alkan-2-ones and n-alkanones are composed mainly of long-chains,such a result is thought to be characteristic of a herbaceous input from 2300a.B.P. n-alkanones exist in the samples may be considered as the evidence of microorganisms activity.(3) It is showed that the lipids is more sensitive to the climate change than the floristic. The proxy of the pollen spore of the peat stratum is different from the normal environment proxy. It is one of the main reasons that the sensitivity difference of the bog vegetation reacting to the climate isn't accordant with the log of the fat molecule fossil and biology fossil.(4) The transformation of the peat organic carbon is under the influence of temperature,acidity,organic material constituting, etc, and it showed the up-trend with the depth. In the short-term scale, the conversion of the peat organic carbon is effected by seasonal water,regional climate and vegetations; while in the long-term scale, it is controlled mainly by the climate.(5) According to the comparing the orderliness of organic compound,vegetation giblets with the depth to the characteristics of the peat molecule fossil with the section, in the development of this peatmire, 1500a B.P（210cm）is regard as the borderline of the late Holocene, the keynote of the front period is warm with several cold fluctuations, and the trend of the back period is dry and cold although there were several fluctuations.

研究表明：（1）随深度的增高及植物残体中木本残体的增多，总有机碳、苯萃取物、总腐植酸、不被水解物含量逐渐增高，而易水解物含量减少；（2）GC- MS分析显示，正构烷烃，直链烷基2-酮和正烷醇均以长链组分为主，揭示了该泥炭柱剖面2347a.B.P的母源输入以草本植物为主；甲基酮类和短链正烷醇的存在是微生物活性很大的生物证据；（3）通过有机分子标志物与孢粉、植物残体等指标的对比研究表明：脂类化合物对气候变化的反映要比植物种灵敏得多，不同沼泽植物对气候变化的敏感性的差异是脂类分子化石记录与生物大化石结果很难一致的主要原因之一；（4）泥炭有机碳的转化受到温度、酸度、有机物质组成等很多因素的影响，短时间尺度，泥炭有机碳的转化受季节性降水、地方气候和植被等因素的影响；长时间尺度，泥炭地有机碳的转化，受气候条件控制；（5）总结泥炭分子化石特征、泥炭有机质各组分含量及植物残体组成随深度的变异规律，分析结果显示该泥炭地层形成过程中，1500a B.P（210cm）可作为划分前后晚全新世的界线，前期的基调是气候偏暖，但又有几次偏干冷气候的反复，后期气候以干冷为主，其间虽有几次上升波动，但整体趋势不变。

Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor.

达尔文借用查尔斯·莱尔在《地质学原理》中的论点，认为化石档案是非常不完善的；化石作用发生非常罕见，散布在非常长的一段时间；因经过地质学考察的地区很少，只能有零碎的地质构造知识和贫乏的化石收藏。

It has been caused much attention by many geologists at home and abroad. Based on the rich dinosaur resources in Henan Province, the author has obtained some important results through the scientific study and protection research of dinosaurs and,these results can help to discover more and more complete dinosaurs and other vertebrate fossils, to promote and raises the research level on the systematic paleontology and dinosaurs in Henan Province, and thus provides important scientific data on stratigraphy, paleogeography and paleoenvironment of Mesozoic basins, which can accelerate to build protection system at all levels and geological parks, all these can bring about a great advance in environment protection, tourism economy, agriculture, industrial production and social civilization.

以河南丰富的恐龙化石资源为依托，通过对恐龙化石的调查、发掘，科学特征和保护研究，不仅可获得一批重要的科研成果，促使发现更多更完整的恐龙化石和其它脊椎动物化石，促进和提升河南省恐龙研究水平，为中新生代盆地地层学和古地理、古环境研究提供重要的科学素材，而且可促进地质遗迹保护和地质公园建设，带动生态环境保护、旅游经济等方面的发展，达到促进地区经济效益增长和社会进步之目的。

According to Xinhua News Agency, Hohhot, December 2 -, as far as dinosaurs鄂托克旗Geosites Regulatory Commission Office of introduction, experts in national鄂托克旗Geosites protection zone fossils point 15 carried out a detailed inspection , with the exception of Allactaga discovered well-preserved fossils of dinosaur footprints of mold, but also discovered a new fossil bird footprints, and the Jurassic in the local surface for the first time found that type of animal feet, sauropod dinosaur footprint fossils.

据新华社呼和浩特12月2日-，据鄂托克旗恐龙地质遗迹管理委员会办公室介绍，在国家鄂托克旗地质遗迹保护区，化石点，详细检查了15名专家进行的，与发现异常的跳保存完好的恐龙脚印化石的模具，而且还发现了一种新的鸟类足迹化石，以及在第一次当地的地表侏罗纪发现，动物的脚型，蜥脚类恐龙足迹化石。

This dissertation was focused on the research about the formation and evolution of NQB from the Late Triassic to the early middle Epoch of Jurassic Period, including integrated analyzing the characteristic of the key stratigraphic surfaces, the time of the key stratigraphy, regional rock straigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, sedimentary system and depositional facies. On basis of these analysis, a tectonic evolution model have been established for NQB during from the Late Triassic to the early middle Epoch of Jurassic Period.1. After the systematic surface analysis about main stratigraphy units, we found that:(1) the bottom of Xiaochaka formation was comformity with the middle Triassic in the basin, and in the north margin it was deposited and overlapped on the different period stratigraphy before Triassic.(2) The top surface of Xiaochaka formation developed regionally karst and paleo-karst breccia, and was uncomformity with Nadigangri Formation, these things suggest that NQB in Xiaochaka depositing stage was developed from middle Triassic basin, and then an extensive regression occurred, the deposition was over and erosion come into being.(3) The lithologic assemblage, geochemistry, mixed fossils, and stratigraphy overlapping characteristic of Quemocuo Formation in early middle Jurassic indicted that the uncomformity surface was an extension-unconformity.2. Integrated analysis about stratigraphy division and correlation indicted that:(1) the paleontologic assemblage of Xiaochaka formation show its time was Carian -Norian stage of late Triassic. According to it was overlapped by late Triassic Nadigangri Formation, so Xiaochaka formation should be Carian - early Norian stage.(2) the SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb age of Nadigangri formation volcanic rocks wear vary form 216 to 205 Ma, so its time should be Norian, but maybe extended into Rhaetian Stage.(3) The age of its bottom volcanic rocks, the fossil assemblages of its middle and upper members and overlapped by lower Jurassic, indicted the age of Riganpeicuo Formation was Norian - Rhaetian stage. And the same time, the volcanic rocks geochemistry of Nadigangri and Riganpeicuo formation both reflected that they wear formed in rift tectonic settings. The lower lithologic and surface characteristic, fossil assemblages and its upper maybe was conformity with lower Jurassic, all reflected that the age of Tumengela Formation in Tumen area should be Norian - Rhaetian stage.

论文对晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期盆地的形成与演化开展了研究，包括关键地层界面特征分析、关键地层时代归属分析、区域岩石地层、生物地层和年代地层的综合对比分析、区域沉积体系与沉积相分析、岩相古地理分析，最终建立晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期羌塘盆沉积—构造动力演化模式。1、系统的对各地层单元的界面分析发现：(1)肖茶卡组底界在盆地内部与中三叠统整合关系，在盆地北缘为沉积超覆于不同时代的前三叠系之上：(2)肖茶卡组顶界面发育古岩溶角砾岩，与上覆那底岗日组为岩溶不整合接触，说明肖茶卡组沉积时期的羌塘盆地是在早中三叠世的盆地基础发展起来的，后期出现了广泛的海退事件，使盆地结束沉积并遭受风化剥蚀作用；(3)中侏罗统雀莫错组的岩性组合特征、岩石化学特征、古生物化石混积和地层的沉积超覆现象均表现出裂陷环境下形成的伸展不整合面的特征。2、综合地层划分与对比分析认为：(1)肖茶卡组古生物化石组合反映其时代为晚三叠世卡尼期—若利期，根据其上被上三叠统那底岗日组不整合覆盖，将其时代厘定为卡尼期—若利期早期；(2)那底岗日组火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄在216～205 Ma之间，其时代主要为若利期，可能包含有瑞替期：(3)日干配错组底部火山岩的年龄、中上部化石组合及其被下侏罗统整合覆盖，综合反映的时代为晚三叠世若利期—瑞替期，而且那底岗日组火山岩和日干配错组火山岩的地球化学成分分析反映两者均为引张构造背景下的产物；土门地区的土门各拉组的下部岩性及界面特征、化石组合和上部可能被下侏罗统整合覆盖，综合反映其时代为若利期—若利期。

Tte also suggest a possible comparison with the Ediacara trilobozoan fossils-Albumares and Anfesta from the shores of the White Sea in Russia. The re-cent discovery of a few skewed E. octobrachiata and walnut-shaped fossils with several carbonaceous meridian bands believed to represent lateral compressions of the same organism strongly suggests that this octoradial fossil is a ctenophoran.

新发现的倾斜保存的八臂仙母虫化石和碳质条带呈子午线状排列的核桃状化石，可能是该类化石归属栉水母类的有力证据，这一发现推测可将栉水母类的最早化石记录从&澄江生物群&的早寒武世推前大约3千万年。

A new spalacotheriid mammal preserved with a complete postcranium and a partial skull has been discovered from the Yixian Formation1, 2, 3 of Liaoning, China. Spalacotheroid symmetrodonts4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 are relatives to modern therians (combined group of marsupials and placentals) and are characterized by many skeletal apomorphies of therians.

中国的义县化石产地在过去十年时间里已经出产了一些最为重要的哺乳动物化石，比如说一系列长羽毛的恐龙化石，并且还在继续出产对关于早期哺乳动物演化的传统观点形成挑战的化石。

This thesis places its emphasis on"vital effect"of fossil brachiopods which has been attracting many attentions in studies of the isotope biogeochemistry.

2对目前腕足化石氧、碳同位素研究领域中倍受关注的同位素生命效应问题，本论文做了重点研究：在详细的腕足化石保存程度研究基础上，对原始生活环境相同、保存程度也相同的化石进行了科、属、种三个级别上氧、碳同位素组成的对比，所研究的化石都没有显示出可检测的同位素生命效应。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。