化生的

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The metaplasia of goblet cells in tracheales-bronchial trees is the primary resource of mucous proteins and form the structural bases for mucous hypersecretion.

杯状细胞化生及黏液过度分泌是气道慢性炎症的重要病理改变，气管支气管树杯状细胞化生是黏蛋白的主要来源也是黏液过度分泌的结构基础。

Part two is mainly about instruction of ancient educatees and their interfluve under privilege system so that to lead discussion on questions of privilege and "avoiding privilege" of ancient enactment of qualification to education which focuses especially on normal educatees' restriction when going to school and "privilege elimination" of some privileged educatees such as students of the Imperial College.

第二章主要在于对特权体制下的古代受教育者及其分野加以介绍分析，以引导出第三章关于古代受教育资格设定中的特权化与去特权化问题的探讨，并使之特别聚焦于中国古代普通受教育者的求学入仕资格限制以及国子监监生等特权受教育者的入学资格的去特权化。

In this study, we found that β-catenin, c-JUN, c-myc and GSK3β might be involved in squamous metaplasia of airway epithelium induced by methylcholanthrene, vitamin A deficiency or cigarette smoking by investigating the rat model of squamous metaplasia.

本项目通过维生素A缺乏、吸烟及气管内注入甲基胆蒽复制体外气道上皮鳞化动物模型，发现β-连环素、c-JUN、c-myc 及GSK3β可能介导了甲基胆蒽、VitA 缺乏与吸烟所致的大鼠支气管上皮鳞状化生。

So the corn oil methyl ester biodiesel used in this study that is made from transesterification reaction. After diesel engine experiment, experimental results demonstrated that using corn oil methyl ester biodiesel, which is based on no influence of engine performance has higher BSFC and the concentration of than premium diesel about 11.99% and 11.06%, respectively. Moreover, its emission concentration of Smoke and HC are lower than premium diesel about 52.47% and 16.51%, respectively.

故本研究使用甲酯化反应的玉米油甲酯生质柴油，经内燃机实验后所得结果得知，使用玉米油甲酯生质柴油为燃料时，在不影响引擎性能的情形下，其燃料消耗率及NOX排放浓度比石化高级柴油分别高约11.99％和11.06％，而Smoke和HC的排放浓度分别低约52.47％和16.51％。

Barrett's oesophagus is a metaplastic change of the lining of the oesophagus, such that the normal squamous epithelium is replaced by specialised or intestinalised columnar epithelium.

Barrett食管是一种食管黏膜的化生改变，即正常鳞状上皮被特化或肠化的柱状上皮所取代。

Currently we call metaplastic ca if the cases have classic of metaplasic components, such as spindle cells, squamous cells, chondro-osseous.

一般，如果病例中有典型的化生成分，如：梭形细胞，鳞状细胞、软骨，我们则称之为化生性癌。

The presence of squamous metaplastic cells indicates that the transformation zone has been sampled (a minimum of 10 well-preserved endocervical or metaplastic cells is required for this quality indictor).

简释：鳞化细胞提示子宫颈上皮移形带已被取样。（满意涂片的标本至少有10个保存良好的宫颈内膜细胞或化生细胞）。

At thenormal production condition sulphonate-barium content variety in the 13.69~19.45%,the shallow sulphonation refining oil of sulphonate-barium content was 15.47%among the normal data.

在正常工业生产中，磺酸钡含量在13.69～19.45%之间变化，浅度磺化试制的石油磺酸钡含量为15.74%，介于正常生产数据之间，这表明采用浅度磺化工艺完全可以生产出合格的石油磺酸钡添加剂。

Methods The expression of hTERT and Rb Protein was measured in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded gastric cancer specimens from 50 patients in gastric cancer group, 25 patients in precancerous lesions group, and 11 healthy people in normal control group by using the strept avidin biotin peroxidase method, and their correlations to clinicopathologic features were analyzed.

应用免疫组化法检测了50例胃癌标本，25例胃癌前病变组织(萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生10例、萎缩性胃炎伴异型增生15例)hTERT、Rb蛋白的表达，所有病例均经病理证实。

What would he tell Judith and the children?

他将怎样告诉朱迪丝和孩子们呢？

I this is at that time, the opinion with peacockish true girl is full of in a heart.

这就是当时的我，一个心中布满虚荣的女孩子真实的想法。