化油作用

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

By integrating the multi-discipline methods of petroleum geochemistry, sedimentology, hydrogeology, petroleum geology and experimental geochemistry, the thesis has carried out experiments of microcline dissolution in solutions with organic acids, crude oil, brines with high total dissolved solids , and has dealt with Al distribution between the crude oil and the brines after the experiments.

综合利用油气地球化学、沉积学、水文地质学、石油地质学、实验地球化学多学科交叉方法，进行了长石在有机酸、原油、高矿化度卤水中的溶解实验，研究了溶解后元素Al在油水相中的分配；通过详细研究塔里木盆地塔中地区、和田河气田、库车坳陷和塔北隆起北部油气藏流体的化学、同位素组成，观察岩石薄片、测试流体包裹体成分和均一化温度、全岩和自生矿物同位素组成，并结合油气运移和成藏史的研究成果，分析了三地区流体的成因、流动，并探讨了烃类侵位对成岩作用的影响、微生物和热化学的硫酸盐还原作用。

In the present work, the technique and conditions of the presentment have been investigated, as well as the effect of cleaning, etching and activation upon electroless nickel-phosphorus plating.

研究了在SiCp/Al复合材料表面化学镀Ni-P合金的预处理工艺，系统分析并阐述了除油，粗化，活化等工序对化学镀Ni-P合金的作用和影响。

The germination and growth of alfalfa and wheat seeds was inhibited evidently with increase of oil concentration, the dry weight of their root or radicel decreased regularly with the increase of oil concentration and can be used to judge the degree of oil pollution of soil.

菌根化植物的矿物油降解率及抗干旱、抗低温能力明显增强，并可持续发挥有益作用，第二年某些共生组合可使油浓度降至正常水平。

The results as follows: all eight extracts deactivated TMV in vitro and have inhibition of the infectory of TMV, and seven extracts showed therapeutically activity in different degree on TMV except Cantharellus minor Peck.

试验结果表明：8种食用菌提取物在体外都具有钝化病毒及抑制病毒侵染的作用；除鸡油菌外，其它7种食用菌提取物对TMV有不同程度的治疗作用。

Experiment on the transesterification and esterification of acidified soybean oil has been studied.

试验研究了大豆酸化油在复合酸催化剂的作用下与甲醇发生转酯化和酯化反应生成脂肪酸甲酯的最佳反应条件。

The repeated using and catalytic activity of these solid acid catalysts have been studied in the synthesis of biodiesel using acidified soybean oil as raw material.

试验研究了大豆酸化油在复合酸催化剂的作用下与甲醇发生转酯化和酯化反应生成脂肪酸甲酯的最佳反应条件。

Using hydrotreated gas oil as solvent, under the conditions of a reaction temperature of 400 C, a hydrogen partial pressure of 10 MPa and a reaction time of 1 h, a portion of coke deposits could be removed yet without the function of hydrogenating coke.

采用溶剂萃取法除去工业失活催化剂上沉积的焦炭和金属的研究结果表明，用四氢呋喃、吡啶和喹啉这3种含杂原子的有机强溶剂常温萃取催化剂，其去除焦炭能力很弱，而且会因这些溶剂的强吸附作用污染催化剂；盐酸洗涤能有效去除催化剂表面的钙、铁沉积层，但不能去除焦炭；低芳香性的加氢瓦斯油在400 C、H2压力为10MPa、反应1h的条件下可部分去除催化剂上的焦炭，但不具备强的氢化焦炭作用；1，2，3，4-四氢化萘因具有供给原子氢的能力，可以有效地氢化和去除催化剂上的焦炭。

Aiming at the problems that oil pressure of existing P7100 type fuel injection pump can not meet the demand of the injection pipe fatigue test, on the basis of analysis and calculation, we designed a set of hydraulic integrated supercharging device.

针对现有 P7100型喷油泵出油压力不能满足喷油管疲劳性试验要求的问题，在分析、计算的基础上，设计出一套全液压集成式双作用增压装置；对其工作原理、结构特点进行了简要介绍，提出了系统集成化的设计思想，实现了各缸、阀、油路等元件的集成化。

Ceramic bearings can produce oxidation-ho, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and so on, diameter from 3mm-50mm, precision Machinable P0, P6, P5 level; its performance characteristics are: high temperature, oil-free self-lubricating, acid, alkali and salt corrosion , wear resistance, low noise, insulating diamagnetic, since high-speed operation; metal nano-ceramic bearing its production process for a new generation of high content of nano-particles in the heat and pressure infiltration of metal surface is activated to fill the cracks and pits the metal so that 3-5 micron metal surface is more smooth solid surface, greatly reduce the friction, improve Chennai base metals, and greatly increased the life span of bearings, and its characteristics are: long life (as an ordinary stainless steel bearings 2 -- 10-fold), low noise (as an ordinary stainless steel bearings, 70%), wear-resisting, acid, alkali, salt corrosion, high temperature, load large; ceramic bearing and metal nano-ceramic bearing design and development to meet the needs of the market for high-speed, low - noise, high load, the demand for corrosion-resistant; Machinery Production Department to produce aircraft rod end joint bearing, linear guide bearings, the fuel tank of earrings, plastic bearing, non-standard side bearing components, glass door hardware, such as high-precision control products; and provide CNC machining.

陶瓷轴承可生产氧化镐、碳化硅、氮化硅等，内径从3mm-50mm，精度可加工P0、P6、P5级；其性能特点为：耐高温、无油自润滑、耐酸、碱、盐腐蚀、耐磨、低噪音、绝缘抗磁、起高速运转；金属纳米陶瓷轴承其生产工艺为新一代的高含量纳米级微粒在热和压力的作用下被激活渗入金属表面，填补金属缝隙和凹坑，使金属表面3-5微米表面更光滑坚固，大大降低其摩擦力，提高金属的奈酸碱性，并大大提高了轴承的寿命，其特性为：长寿命（为普通不锈钢轴承的2-10倍）、低噪音（为普通不锈钢轴承的70%）、耐磨、耐酸、碱、盐腐蚀、耐高温、负载大；陶瓷轴承与金属纳米陶瓷轴承的设计开发以满足市场对高转速、低噪音、高负载、耐腐蚀的需求；机械生产部以生产机杆端关节轴承、直线导轨轴承、油缸耳环、塑料轴承、非标端轴承零部件、玻璃门控五金等高精度产品；并对外提供数控加工。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。