化学感应

This chapter and the next one are concerned with chemoreception through the senses of taste and smell.

这一章和下一章是讲的味觉和嗅觉的化学感应。

Accordingly, chemoreception in the human is the result of a long evolutionary pressure to react to a dynamic and highly informative chemical environment.

因此，人类身上的化学感应是由于长期进化中的动态的高信息量的化学环境中的压力而产生的。

Because seeking and ingesting food are vital to survival, it is reasonable that chemoreception evolved to serve a primary nutritional function.

由于寻找和摄取食物对生命来说至关重要，所以化学感应器的复合原营养函数的进化是合理的。J。

Rhomboid fossa; vagal triangle; solitary tract nucleus; taste perception; conditioned taste avoidance; reticular formation; vomiting center; chemoreception; chemoreceptors; hypercapnia

菱形窝；迷走神经的三角形；孤束核；味觉感受；有条件的味觉回避；网状结构；呕吐中枢化学感应；化学接受体；高碳酸血

In the course of evolution, when life emerged from the sea in the form of amphibia, a general chemical-sensitive system likely separated into two anatomically distinct but functionally united mechanisms to take into account the chemical information occurring in two different environments, one inside the body—taste or gustation—and one outside—smell or olfaction.

在进化的过程中，当生命以两栖类的形式从海洋里出现时，可能这一种主要的化学感应系统就分成了两种在解剖学上独立但功能上联合的器官。这种器官用来通过两种不同的环境分析化学信息。一种是在分析体内环境的，这就是味觉。另一种分析体外环境的，这就是嗅觉。

Through designing,counting and explaining the vacuum induced furnace,which used in the mixing test with protected glove-box, this paper expatiates design on the vacuum furnace structure specially used to investigate nuclear material's pyrometallurgy and chemistry performance,emphasizes on several essential point and design project of the mixing vacuum induced furnace relating with the moving parts of the glove-box. Thereby,It tries to offer a compact and applied reference case for the type of scientific research equipment designing and developing,and advise to improve certain deficiency in the actual application of induced furnace.

本文通过对配有防护手套箱的搅拌式试验用真空感应炉的设计、计算说明，阐述了用于核材料高温冶金及化学性能研究的专用真空感应炉的设计思路，重点叙述了搅拌式真空感应炉装置在手套箱内相关运动部件的几处设计要点及设计方案，从而试图为今后该类科研设备的设计研制，提供一个简洁实用的参考案例，同时对感应炉在实际应用中存在的不足也提出了改进意见。

Emphasis is placed on the use of organic thin films in active organic devices including organic LEDs, solar cells, photodetectors, transistors, chemical sensors, memory cells, electrochromic devices, as well as xerography and organic non-linear optics. How to reach the ultimate miniaturization limit of molecular electronics and related nanoscale patterning techniques of organic materials will also be discussed.

课程重点是放在主动有机元件内使用的有机薄膜，包括有机LED、太阳能电池、光子侦测仪、电晶体、化学感应器、记忆单元、电致色装置，以及影印技术和有机非线性光学；亦将讨论如何达到分子电子学和有机材质相关的奈米级制像技术的微缩极限。

No need to limit yourself to the basic five taste sensations when there are smell and chemesthesis to throw into the flavor pot.

当嗅觉和化学感应在起作用的时候，你就不必把自己限制在对五种味觉的感受上了。

The only chemoreceptors on the labial palps were confirmed to be the basiconic sensilla described in earlier studies. The numbers of these basiconic sensilla were shown for the first time to be sexually dimorphic, with a mean of 18 in males and 16 in females.

早期研究中所记述的锥形感器被证实是下唇须上仅有的化学感应器，并且首次证明这些锥形感器的数量与性别相关，雄性平均为18个，雌性平均为16个。

In the traditional transducer analytics, the non-specific selection is a defect phenomenon which should be avoided as far as possible. However, it serves as the fundament of the cross-sensitive sensors array which is designed and constructed as an optimal sensor compose to enable the realization of the AITS. Consequently, the cross-sensitive theory and techniques are the core concepts of the AITS.

在传统分析科学中，非特异性感应是一个极力避免的现象，而交互感应传感器阵列则是将其作为基本出发点，设计构建成一个优化的组合，使得人工智能化学感受在技术上得以实现，交互感应理论和技术也因此成为其核心概念。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。