化学原子价

The diameter of nano-particle is small and its surface energy is high. Atomic valence bond of particle surface is not saturation and surface atoms have extremely physical and chemical activity. So, nano-particle is apt to agglomerate to make difficult to bring its excellent properties to completely play and to modify polymer.

纳米粒子粒径小，表面能大，且粒子表面的原子价健处于不饱和状态，表面原子有极大的物理与化学活性，因此纳米粒子非常易于团聚和吸附，而使得其拥有的性能难以充分发挥，从而失去应有的对高分子材料的改性作用。

"It has valence 2 or 4 in compounds, including stannous chloride (used in tin galvanizing and manufacturing polymers and dyes), stannous oxide (used to make tin salt s for chemical reagents and plating), stannous fluoride (used as an anticavity ingredient in toothpastes), stannic chloride (a stabilizer for perfumes and a source of other tin salt s), and stannic oxide (a catalyst and a polishing powder for steel)."

在化合物中的原子价为2和4。化合物包括氯化亚锡(用于电镀锡以及制造聚合物和染料)、氧化亚锡(制备化学试剂和电镀用的锡盐)、氟化亚锡、氯化锡(香水的稳定剂以及其它锡盐的原料)以及氧化锡(催化剂以及钢材的拋光粉)。

"It has valence 2 or 4 in compounds, including stannous chloride (used in tin galvanizing and manufacturing polymers and dyes), stannous oxide (used to make tin salts for chemical reagents and plating), stannous fluoride (used as an anticavity ingredient in toothpastes), stannic chloride (a stabilizer for perfumes and a source of other tin salts), and stannic oxide (a catalyst and a polishing powder for steel)."

在化合物中的原子价为2和4。化合物包括氯化亚锡(用于电镀锡以及制造聚合物和染料)、氧化亚锡(制备化学试剂和电镀用的锡盐)、氟化亚锡、氯化锡(香水的稳定剂以及其它锡盐的原料)以及氧化锡(催化剂以及钢材的拋光粉)。

"It has valence 2 or 4 in compounds, including stannous chloride (used in tin galvanizing and manufacturing polymers and dyes), stannous oxide (used to make tin salts for chemical reagents and plating), stannous fluoride (used as an anticavity ingredient in toothpastes), stannic chloride (a stabilizer for perfumes and a source of other tin salts), and stannic oxide (a catalyst and a polish ing powder for steel)."

在化合物中的原子价为2和4。化合物包括氯化亚锡(用于电镀锡以及制造聚合物和染料)、氧化亚锡(制备化学试剂和电镀用的锡盐)、氟化亚锡、氯化锡(香水的稳定剂以及其它锡盐的原料)以及氧化锡(催化剂以及钢材的拋光粉)。

"It has valence 2 or 4 in compounds, including stannous chloride (used in tin galvanizing and manufacturing polymers and dyes), stannous oxide (used to make tin salts for chemical reagent s and plating), stannous fluoride (used as an anticavity ingredient in toothpastes), stannic chloride (a stabilizer for perfumes and a source of other tin salts), and stannic oxide (a catalyst and a polishing powder for steel)."

在化合物中的原子价为2和4。化合物包括氯化亚锡(用于电镀锡以及制造聚合物和染料)、氧化亚锡(制备化学试剂和电镀用的锡盐)、氟化亚锡、氯化锡(香水的稳定剂以及其它锡盐的原料)以及氧化锡(催化剂以及钢材的拋光粉)。

"It has valence 2 or 4 in compounds, including stannous chloride (used in tin galvanizing and manufacturing polymers and dyes), stannous oxide (used to make tin salts for chemical reagents and pla tin g), stannous fluoride (used as an anticavity ingredient in toothpastes), stannic chloride (a stabilizer for perfumes and a source of other tin salts), and stannic oxide (a catalyst and a polishing powder for steel)."

在化合物中的原子价为2和4。化合物包括氯化亚锡(用于电镀锡以及制造聚合物和染料)、氧化亚锡(制备化学试剂和电镀用的锡盐)、氟化亚锡、氯化锡(香水的稳定剂以及其它锡盐的原料)以及氧化锡(催化剂以及钢材的拋光粉)。

Their atoms have similar configurations and similar physical and chemical behaviour; the most common valence s are 3 and 4

它们的原子都有相似的配置，以及相似的物理和化学行为，最常见的原子价是3和4。

Their atoms have similar configurations and similar physical and chemical behaviour ; the most common valences are 3 and 4

它们的原子都有相似的配置，以及相似的物理和化学行为，最常见的原子价是3和4。

Their atoms have similar configuration s and similar physical and chemical behaviour; the most common valences are 3 and 4

它们的原子都有相似的配置，以及相似的物理和化学行为，最常见的原子价是3和4。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。