化

Students should grasp the classification of the nitration reactions and its industrial application, the main nitration reagents and the nitration method, the classification of the sulfonation reactions, the function of sulfo group and its in the industrial application, sulfonating agents and its industrial application, the separation method for the sulfonated compounds, the widespread applicationof diazonium and the coupled reactions and its in the industry specially employed in the dyes and the pigments synthesis

掌握硝化反应的分类及其在工业上的应用。掌握主要的硝化试剂和硝化方法。掌握磺化反应得分类、磺酸基的作用及其在工业上的应用。掌握磺化剂其在工业上的应用。了解磺化物得分离方法。掌握重氮化及偶合反应及其在工业上特别是在染料和颜料合成中的广泛应用。

The paper discloses a process for diazotization fluorination of aromatic primary amines utilizing sodium nitrite and anhydrous hydrofluoride to produce the corresponding diazonium fluoride which is decomposed, usually by heat, to make the desired fluoroaromatics .

本文通过重氮化工艺路线的改进，在液态氟化氢中进行重氮化和重氮盐的热分解，提高了芳香族氟化物的收率，并且使重氮化反应工艺能应用于工业化生产。

When ATRP of styrene was investigated with 1-phenylethyl bromide/benzyl a,a-dibromide mixture as initiator, the GPC chromatogram shows two elution peaks and the molecular weighs of the peaks are approximately in a 2/1 ratio. It suggests that benzyl dibromide is a difunctional initiator of ATRP of styrene. The analysis of end group using 1H-NMR also proves the result above.

采用1-苯基溴乙烷／α，α-二溴化苄混合引发剂进行苯乙烯的ATRP反应时，所得聚苯乙烯的GPC谱图为双峰，分子量相差一倍，初步证明了α，α-二溴化苄引发苯乙烯ATRP反应时是双官能引发剂，并用~1H-NMR对聚合物结构进行分析，进一步证明了α，α-二溴化苄引发苯乙烯ATRP时是双端同时增长的。

Dialkylmethylamine was produced through the reaction of fatty alcohol with methylamine as one of the products of dimethylamine disproportionation.

通过对月桂醇和二甲胺进行胺化反应过程中气相成份的分析，证实了在脂肪醇和二甲胺胺化反应体系中存在二甲胺歧化为甲胺和三甲胺的反应，二甲胺歧化反应生成的甲胺和脂肪醇进行反应是副产物双长链烷基甲基叔胺生成的主要原因。

Methods: Cells which belonged to the G1-phase were sorted by Multiparameter flow cytometry according DNA diploidy in asynchronous MOLT-4 cell lines, cells were synchronized at the G1-S boundary by thymidine, and western blot analysis and multiparameter analysis of DNA versus protein content was performed to examine cyclin A、B1、D〓、Eexpression in sorted G1-phase MOLT-4 cells and synchronized by double thymidine block in G1/S phase.

以MOLT-4细胞为模型，应用流式细胞术分选出非同步化生长的G1/S转换期起始处的G1期细胞，用"双thymidine阻滞法"将细胞同步在G1/S转换期起始处的G1期，采用DNA/cyclins双参数分析法及免疫印记法，检测同步化及非同步化G1期细胞中cyclinA、B1、D〓、E的表达。

Point clouds are discrete data points without the topology relationship between them. So, to facilitate and expedite the extraction of contour points for the late NPR style, firstly we should simplify the point cloud data. In other words, non-contour points should be eliminated but their contour points and feature points should be retained .

点云数据本身是无拓扑关系的离散数据点集，所以，为了方便和加速后期非真实感绘制风格化所需轮廓点的提取，首先对点云数据进行了"粗略"地简化处理，即剔除点云数据中非轮廓点保留了其轮廓点和特征点；然后应用判定准则提取出所表示物体的轮廓点并对其进行"归并"形成便于NPR风格化处理的特征轮廓线；最后再对得到的轮廓线进行NPR风格化效果"加密"处理。

The effect of the formation enthalpies on disproportionation reaction of the alloys at high temperature hydrogenation is discussed and it is found that the greater the entropies of alloys are, the more favorable it is for the disproportionation reaction.

讨论了生成焓对高温氢化时合金发生歧化反应的影响，合金的生成焓愈大，对歧化反应愈有利。

The Large eddy Simulation is used to simulate the flow field and cavitation on an Orifice Energy dissipator. The characteristics of cavitation was analyzed. The calculated and the measured pressure distribution and the cavitation were in agreement.

采用大涡模拟方法对消能孔板流场及空化现象进行了数值模拟，研究分析了消能孔板空化特性，计算所得的压力分布及空化特性与减压模型实验结果进行了比较，二者符合良好。

The lexicalization of phrases is an important source of dissyllabic words in the Chinese language. Through a quantitative analysis of 93 cases this paper discusses some characteristics of lexicalization of phrases as shown through the study of structural patterns, semantic limitations, and changes in grammatical attributes and phonology after lexicalization.

本文采用定量统计的方法，对现代汉语中93个发生词汇化的词组进行了考察，在对其结构方式、语义发展条件及词汇化后语法属性和语音变化情况分析的基础上，初步探讨了现代汉语双音节词组词汇化的基本特征。

Reaction temperature, reaction time and different distillate oil on the properties of petroleum sulfonate were studied.

本文以发烟硫酸和三氧化硫作为磺化剂，选用重烷基苯或石油馏分油，在不同的工艺条件下进行磺化反应，摸索了反应物配比、反应温度、反应时间和不同原料等条件对合成产物的性能影响，得出反应物配比是影响磺化收率的重要因素。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。