劳动的

Chapter 4 firstly explains the contents and characteristics of management labor, the defect of the wealth signal revealing mechanism, then analyses systematically the emerging reason, general composition and damages of both operator inside control and big shareholder inside control, and finally points out that insider control is the byproduct of the modern enterprises system, whose damages is far less than the benefit of the modern enterprises system.

第四章首先阐述了管理劳动的内容和特点以及财富信号显示机制的缺陷，然后分别系统分析了经营者内部控制问题与大股东内部控制问题的产生原因、基本构成以及所造成的危害，最后论述了"内部人控制"问题是现代企业制度所带来的副产品，其危害要远远小于采用现代企业制度而取得的收益。

Since such, therefore, are the advantages of water-carriage, it is natural that the first improvements of art and industry should be made where this conveniency opens the whole world for a market to the produce of every sort of labour, and that they should always be much later in extending themselves into the inland parts of the country.

由于水运有这么大的优势，所以技术和工业的进步自然首先发生在水运便利的地方。在这样的地方，水运把整个世界变成了向各种劳动的产物开放的市场。这种进步要许久以后才能延伸到内地。

That is to say, effective demand, instead of having a unique equilibrium value, is an infinite range of values all equally admissible; and the amount of employment is indeterminate except in so far as the marginal disutility of labour sets an upper limit.

这就是说，有效需求不是只有一个唯一的均衡值，而是有一个无穷的，等可接受性的数值序列，因而，除了劳动的边际负效应所设定的一个上限之外，就业量的大小是不确定的。

What we are seeing is that countries in the south have adopted major programs with their own resources which are sometimes complemented by resources from north but the bulk of resources today going into the fight against child labor comes from government in the south, said Egger.

我们看到的是，在南方国家，都采用他们有时是由北方资源的补充自己的资源，但大部分主要方案今天的资源用于打击童工劳动的斗争将会从政府开始在南部说，埃格。

He thinks the reasons that the discontent of workers is not caused by maldistribution, but by disrespect that self-worth and contribution of workers has not got social esteem.

同时，霍耐特也从承认的角度解读劳动的道德内涵，并认为劳动者的不满不是因为分配不公，而是因为自我的价值以及对共同体的贡献没有得到社会重视而导致。

Others had settled the new continent in order to possess land and enjoy the results of their labor. But the English mercantile system threatened to strangle their economy and deprive them of the right to earn money. How could they allow themselves and their children to comply with systematic stealing?

其他人定居在新大陆为的是拥有土地并享用他们劳动的成果，但是英国的贸易系统有扼杀他们的经济以及剥夺他们赚钱的权利之危险，他们怎麼能容许自己和子孙们遵从这种系统性的盗窃？

Others had settled the new continent in order to possess land and enjoy the results of their labor. But the English mercantile system threatened to strangle their economy and deprive them of the right to earn money. How could they allow themselves and their children to comply with systematic stealing.

其它人定居在新大陆为的是拥有土地并享用他们劳动的成果，但是英国的贸易系统有扼杀他们的经济以及剥夺他们赚钱的权利之危险，他们怎麼能容许自己和子孙们遵从这种系统性的盗窃？

Based on analysing the mechanism of substitution and compensation of ICT for labor in service sector, this dissertation constructed the cost function of translog form which was dual with the production function of the service sector, estimated the parameter of the share requirement equation affected by the factors of labor force, ICT and non-ICT, so that to calculate the Allen partial elasticity of substitution and the MES elasticity of substitution.

本文在分析 ICT 对服务业劳动的替代和补偿机制的基础上，建立与服务业生产函数对偶的超越对数形式的成本函数，估计出劳动力、 ICT 和非 ICT 等要素的需求份额方程的参数，以此计算 Allen 偏替代弹性和 MES 替代弹性。

This year, we intend to raise some chicken in our care center, so we need to build a henhouse, a garden and a sand trap under existing conditions. Today is Friday, after class, we ask our children to do what they can do. Everyone here loves working and that day they all worked with great enthusiasm. I have full confidence that our yard will become more and more beautiful and the children will have a safer and better place to play on in the future.

今年我们打算在关爱中心养鸡，所以就要搭一个鸡窝，还要建一个花坛，利用现有的条件做一个沙坑，今天是星期五，孩子们放学后就让他们帮助做一些力所能及的事情，他们一个个干的热火朝天，都是很喜欢劳动的孩子，我相信，我们这里会变得越来越漂亮，孩子们也会有更好更安全的活动场所。

Such a view is of great significance to the self-understanding of contemporary human beings.

而且，这里的考察亦非对马克思自由观的全面考察，而只是从艺术活动与生产劳动的关系这样一个特定的视角对马克思自由观的透视。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。