劳动的

Medical labor has four characteristics, which are sociality、explorativeness、accurateness and cooperativeness.

医学劳动具有4个特性，即医学劳动的社会性、医学劳动的探索性、医学劳动的精确性和医学劳动的协作性。

Then the article starting from the activity, which relates the person with exterior nature,namely the human society work practice, elaborates the nature which worked as the foundation of humanity labor,and the human could not leave it and are bringing it into line with the nature as the work essential factor of labor process; The realistic nature similarly also cannot leave human as persons work creation, and this is the question of two aspects.The thesis has analyzed the work and natural relations in the agricultural society and in modern industry society ,and obtains the conclusion that the different ecology values can form under the different production method. This article criticizes disassimilation work in the capitalist society not only causes the disassimilation relationship between the human, but also creats the disassimilation which human and nature related, and proposes the communism society not only is the society in which the contradictory exploitation between human and nature is solved, and the contradictory relation between human and nature is also solved.

的结论；其次从人与外部自然相联系起来的是活动，即人类社会劳动实践出发，论述了自然界作为人类劳动的基础，人类须臾离不开它，人是把自然界作为劳动的要素而纳入自己的劳动过程的；现实的自然界作为人的劳动创造同样也离不开人，这一个问题的两个方面，并分析了在农业社会中劳动与自然的关系和近现代工业社会中劳动与自然的关系，得出在不同的生产方式下会形成不同的生态价值观的结论，批判了资本主义社会的异化劳动不仅造成了人与人之间关系的异化，还造成了人与自然之间关系的异化，提出共产主义社会不仅是人与人之间对立矛盾的剥削与被剥削关系真正解决的社会，也是人与自然之间破坏与被破坏的矛盾关系真正解决的社会的论断。

The paper analyze it from these aspects: Firstly, in the communism, when the survival necessity and feast necessity are satisfied enough, the self-fulfillment necessity will become the most important necessity in people's life. The freedom labour is in the course of self-fulfilling. Secondly, the"truth""good"are united in the labour , which make it possess the nature of beauty. Thirdly, in the game, people disremember the outside bondage and enjoy the happiness and freedom. Compared with the game, the freedom labour has many same characters and is more fascinating. Finally, the labour and the people's development have many affinities: In primeval, the autonomic labour was corresponded with the people's"primordial enrichment". In private owned society, alienation labour was corresponed with the people's macrocephalic development. In the communism, the freedom labour will corresponded with the all-powerful development. The development of human history incline to the trend that history makes everyone develop all-powerfully, the freedom labor will be the final choice.

真正自由劳动所具有的特质，将使其成为人们生活的第一需要：(1)从需求的层次性看，在未来社会，当生存的需要和享受的需要得到满足之后，自我实现的需要将成为人们生活中最重要的需求，而真正自由的劳动就是自我实现的过程；(2)真正自由的劳动在于真、善在劳动中的统一，使得劳动具有美的性质；(3)在游戏中，人们忘却了外在的束缚，得到快乐和自由的体验；较之游戏，真正自由劳动具有诸多相同的性质，将更加引人入胜；(4)劳动和人的发展有着密切的关系：原始时代的自主劳动对应着人的发展的"原始的丰富"；私有制时期，劳动的异化对应着人的发展的畸形、片面；到了共产主义社会，自由劳动将对应着人的自由全面发展。

It is also talking about the enrichment and development of the theory of the value of labor including the subject of labor,the extensity of labor,the diversity of its styles,the complexity of value calculation,the internationalization of its determinant and so forth.

要面向社会主义市场经济和现代化建设实际，丰富和发展劳动价值论，包括劳动的主体性、劳动范畴的广泛性、劳动形式的多样性、劳动价值计算的复杂性、劳动价值决定的国际性等诸多方面。

In Marx philosophy, on the one hand, from the viewpoint of difference between man and nature, category of labor is the essence of human being or free conscious activities, consequently ,labor of people are inherency ;On the other hand ,from the viewpoint of the relation between human and nature, labor has the characteristic of externalism, namely individual takes labor as the method which makes a living, and does not regards the labor itself as the goal or the essence of him, thus labor is also external in individual ,this is the meaning of labor externalism .It has manifested human's natural attribute .

马克思哲学的劳动范畴，一方面从人与自然的区别中，认为劳动是人的类本质或自由的有意识的活动，因而，劳动对人来说具有内在性；另一方面从人与自然的联系中，揭示了劳动的外在性，即个人以劳动为谋生的手段，并不把劳动活动本身视为自己的目的或本质，因而劳动又外在于个人，这就是外化劳动的含义，体现了人的自然属性。

It has manifested human\'s natural attribute .The unification of inherency and externalism of labor, namely the two-dimensional structure of labor, showing the contradiction of labor itself, that is the basic connotation of labor category in Marx philosophy.The category of labor which is in the central position in Marx philosophy, is the framework of historical materialism founded by Marx.

马克思哲学的劳动范畴，一方面从人与自然的区别中，认为劳动是人的类本质或自由的有意识的活动，因而，劳动对人来说具有内在性；另一方面从人与自然的联系中，揭示了劳动的外在性，即个人以劳动为谋生的手段，并不把劳动活动本身视为自己的目的或本质，因而劳动又外在于个人，这就是外化劳动的含义，体现了人的自然属性。

Through the deepened cognition of production labor,scientific labor and managerial labor,the labour conception is prosperous and the ranges of production labor are enlarged,and the ideas that science and technology and management are not only productive labor but also play a great ro...

通过深化对生产劳动、科技劳动和经济管理劳动的认识，有利于丰富劳动概念的内涵，拓展生产劳动的范围，明确科技和经营管理劳动不仅是生产性劳动，而且在价值和社会财富的创造中发挥着巨大的作用。

We must understand that, along with development of science-technology and growth of labor productivity, the factors consisted in labor process are constantly diversified, and the category of labor had outstretch from the labor of producing material goods to include theservice labor that provides service goods, the science-technological labor that renovates techniques or knowledge, and the managerial labor.

中篇 劳动与价值简要地回顾一下劳动价值论的发展历史，我们可以看出，马克思的劳动价值论较之以往的理论有了更科学的理论基础和丰富的现实材料，这就是马克思劳动价值论的三块理论基石和资本主义商品经济的充分发展。因此，本文认为，马克思对劳动价值论的贡献不仅在于科学地区分了价值和使用价值的概念并赋予其科学的含义，同时分析了商品的二重属性正是来源于劳动的二重性，并把劳动价值论建立在劳动本质论、劳动二重性理论和劳动形态理论基础之上，使得劳动价值论有了坚实的理论基础。

The paper analyze it from these aspects: Firstly, in the communism, when the survival necessity and feast necessity are satisfied enough, the self-fulfillment necessity will become the most important necessity in people's life. The freedom labour is in the course of self-fulfilling. Secondly, the"truth""good"are united in the labour , which make it possess the nature of beauty. Thirdly, in the game, people disremember the outside bondage and enjoy the happiness and freedom. Compared with the game, the freedom labour has many same characters and is more fascinating. Finally, the labour and the people's development have many affinities: In primeval, the autonomic labour was corresponded with the people's"primordial enrichment". In private owned society, alienation labour was corresponed with the people's macrocephalic development. In the communism, the freedom labour will corresponded with the all-powerful development. The development of human history incline to the trend that history makes everyone develop all-powerfully, the freedom labor will be the final choice.

真正自由劳动所具有的特质，将使其成为人们生活的第一需要：(1)从需求的层次性看，在未来社会，当生存的需要和享受的需要得到满足之后，自我实现的需要将成为人们生活中最重要的需求，而真正自由的劳动就是自我实现的过程；(2)真正自由的劳动在于真、善在劳动中的统一，使得劳动具有美的性质；(3)在游戏中，人们忘却了外在的束缚，得到快乐和自由的体验；较之游戏，真正自由劳动具有诸多相同的性质，将更加引人入胜；(4)劳动和人的发展有着密切的关系：原始时代的自主劳动对应着人的发展的&原始的丰富&；私有制时期，劳动的异化对应着人的发展的畸形、片面；到了共产主义社会，自由劳动将对应着人的自由全面发展。

This paper, beginning by seeing the theory of labor-value as footstone of scientific socialism, and following the principles of "correct understanding, deeply dredging-up, richening and development", aims to a discussion of some questions about the labor-value theory, and try to clarify some confused views or misunderstandings on the theory, and then, based on this clarification, to focus attention onto three central questions connected with both the labor-value theory and our todays practices.

本文从劳动价值论是科学社会主义的理论基石这一角度切入，立足于&正确理解、深入挖掘、丰富发展&这样一个基点，展开对劳动和劳动价值论几个问题的探讨，试图澄清理论界对理论本身的一些混乱的认识和误解，在此基础上，对现实中相关的热点问题提出自己的一些观点和看法。深化对劳动和劳动价值论的认识，涉及现实中的很多问题和理论本身的方方面面，本文仅就其中的三个关键问题展开探讨：一是劳动的本质问题，二是劳动和价值的创造问题，三是劳动和价值的分配问题。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。