劳动

Single capital in the profit-driven motives chases excess value. Law of pro-rata to the total social labor in a competitive relationship regulates the total social capital. But in a capitalist economic relations law of pro-rata to the total labor failed to play its role. In currencies economic relations currency accumulation may be the same with the actual accumulation, may also inconsistent. In the law of organic composition of capital rising income distribution led to the impoverishment of the working class and cyclical decline in effective demand.

本文指出马克思通过价值理论、货币理论、社会再生产理论和收入分配理论的分析，阐明了资本主义宏观经济的运行：单个资本在利润动机的驱动下，追逐超额剩余价值；按比例分配社会总劳动规律在竞争关系中，对社会总资本起调节作用，但在资本主义经济关系下，按比例分配总劳动规律不能正常发挥作用；在货币经济关系下，货币积累与实际积累可能一致，也可能不一致，加剧了总劳动分配比例的不合理；在资本有机构成提高的作用下，资本主义收入分配关系导致工人阶级贫困化，有效需求周期性下降，资本主义经济危机不可避免。

Labor that cannot satisfy the happiness of humanity is creatural labor, and is a low-class labor that satisfied the biological need only.

不能满足人性快乐的劳动是动物性质的劳动，是追求满足生理需要的低级劳动。

An employer is required to enter into a written employment contract with an employee within one month of the formation of the employment relationship. If the employer fails to do so the employee is entitle to double pay for the miscreant period.

显然，该法试图通过更难终止与不适合的雇员的雇佣关系这一方式来实现该宗旨（其缩短了先前规定的试用期，并明确规定，不胜任工作不构成在试用期内终止劳动合同的理由；对不予续订雇员的合同设定了经济责任；并且规定了新的条件，即：劳动合同第二次续订时，强制要求订立无固定期限的劳动合同）。

Be in our country, serving course of study to be thought for a long time is nonproductive, service work also makes nonproductive work accordingly, work of production of and rather than does not create value.

在我国，服务业长期被认为是非生产性的，服务劳动因此也就成为非生产性的劳动，而非生产劳动是不创造价值的。

The product of labour is labour embodied and made material in an object, it is the objectification of labour.

劳动产品是固定在对象中的，物化为对象的劳动是劳动的对象化。

Prison Labor China's law stipulates that all prisoners able to work should take part in physical labor.

关于罪犯的劳动中国法律规定，凡是有劳动能力的罪犯，必须参加劳动。

Besides, because prophylaxis is as important as compensation, the Occupational Safety and Health Law, which was amended by the Ministry of Labor in 1988, enforces a series of precautious policies about over-work and mental health. They are aimed to achieve precautious effects through strengthening the management of information concerning workers' health.

此外，有鉴於预防与补偿同样重要，日本政府自1988年修改劳动安全卫生法即开始落实相关预防措施，并推行一系列预防过重劳动和精神健康之方针，期望藉由强化劳动安全卫生法的健康情报管理来达到预防之效，取代修法补偿之缺，相关政策执行至今虽然成效有限，但持续的精神值得借镜。

Also just because of this, only when the united proletarian hold the real property and the highly generally developed productive forces, thus formed the real collective, eliminated the social class, eliminate the national: the kind of false collective pseudomorph, thus eliminated the private ownership, re-established"worker's individual system of ownership";Thus eliminated the force spontaneous division of labor, established the conscious division of labor; thus eliminated the nature of employment work , caused the physical production work to be consistent with the self-activity, caused the work to become people's first need; thus eliminated individual regional existence, made individuals become"world history individual"did we say only then by that time it can realize"the free individuality"truly; only then by that time, it can realize the independent individuality, free and comprehensive development of"every individual"; only then by that time the human society can achieve the ancient society's higher regression.

也正因为如此，只有联合起来的无产者通过真实的财产占有和高度而普遍发展起来的生产力；从而形成真实的集体，消除阶级、国家这种虚假的集体的假象；从而消除私有制，重新建立"劳动者的个人的所有制"；从而消除强迫的自发的分工，建立起自觉地分工；从而消除劳动的雇佣性质，使物质生产劳动同自主活动相一致起来，使劳动成为人们的第一需要；从而消除了个人的地域性存在，成为"世界历史的个人"；只有到那时，才可以说真正实现了"自由个性"，也只有到那时，才可以实现了"每一个个人"的个性独立、自由而全面的发展；也只有到那时，人类社会才真正达到了古代社会的更高意义上的复归！

Thirdly: Besides materials for industry to employ itself on, and implements to aid it, provision must be made to prevent its operations from being disturbed, and its products injured, either by the destroying agencies of nature, or by the violence or rapacity of men.

第五节 第三，除了劳动对象材料和帮助劳动的工具外，还必须防止劳动受到干扰，防止劳动产品受到损害。这些干扰或损害或是来自破坏性的自然力量，或是来自人们的暴力或强取。

In Chinese reform-through-labour institutions, a prisoner who is unable to work is exempted from productive labour. Prison staff are assigned to determine the prisoner's state of health so work can be found which the prisoner is physically able to do.

中国劳改机关除对不适宜参加生产劳动的罪犯免除劳动外，监管工作人员还随时调查、了解罪犯的身体状况，安排与罪犯身体承受能力相适应的劳动。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。