助细胞

They may represent what remains of the archegonium in angiosperms and the pollen tube may penetrate a synergid first, but they do not participate in the fertilization process and abort soon afterwards.

它们扮演了残留的被子植物藏卵器的角色。花粉管可首先穿透其中一个助细胞，但助细胞并不参与到受精过程中去，而且随后会消亡。

There are commonly eight nuclei in the embryo sac: the egg apparatus at the micropylar end, made up of an gee nucleus and two synergid nuclei; three antipodal cells at the oppsite chalazal end that probably aid embryo nourishment; and two polar nuclei in the center that fuse to form the primary endosperm nucleus.

通常胚囊中有8个核，卵器在珠孔端，由卵和两个助细胞组成；3个反足细胞在合点端，可能为胚胎提供营养；胚囊中央有2个极核，融合在一起形成最初的胚乳核。

Antipodal cells The three haploid cells found in the embryo sac of seed-bearing plants that migrate to the chalaxal end of the sac farthest from the micropyle.

反足细胞：胚囊三次分裂形成卵细胞，助细胞和极核等，其中位于合点端的三个单倍体细胞称反足细胞。

Cytoembryological studies were employed to reveal theorigin of haploid and to determine the cytological factersrelating to the production of diploid polyembryony withinone embryo sac occurring in natural population of apolyembryonic line SB-1 of O.sativa.

SB-1自然群体中的单倍体来源于助细胞无配子生殖。细胞胚胎学研究表明，卵器中的一个或两个助细胞能在受精之前发育成胚，其发生率分别为观察子房数的2.24%和1.75%。

The developmental mechanism and physiological functions of synergid are attractive research topics, and some related new results, especially from molecular biology, provide new clues to probe the synergid functions.

近年来对助细胞的研究又取得了一些新结果，尤其是一些分子生物学的研究结果为揭示助细胞的功能提供了重要线索。该文总结了这方面的研究成果，并对助细胞的生殖功能进行了分析。

In addition, some biological events, such as separating the male germ unit, providing movement orbits for the two sperm cells and inducing both sperm to synthesis DNA, may also be related to the degenerated synergid.

另外，雄性生殖单位的解体、提供精细胞的运动轨道和启动精细胞合成DNA的生物学事件也可能与助细胞有关。

This review introduced the study of cell cycle of male and female gametes before fertilization; discussed the question of synergid degeneration; analysed status of research into the movement of both sperm cells in degenerated synergid; and evaluated the preferential fertilization of sperm cells and the egg cell activation of angiosperms.

本文介绍了目前被子植物精、卵细胞融合前后的细胞周期变化、退化助细胞的功能、精细胞在退化助细胞中迁移的研究动态、精细胞的倾向受精和卵细胞的激活等被子植物受精生物学领域中的一些新的研究成果和发展趋势。

During the fertilization of angiosperms, the degenerated synergid induces a pollen tube to enter and break the pollen tube to release two sperm cells, which fuse with the egg and central cell.

在受精过程中，助细胞吸引花粉管向雌配子体生长，并接受花粉管长入细胞程序死亡助细胞中。接下来的花粉管停止生长和花粉管顶端破裂释放出2个精细胞的过程可能也依赖于助细胞。

CaM mRNA was substantially expressed in thetapetum, stigma, pollen tube track, degenerated synergid and transfusion parenchymacells. Lesser but yet significant amounts of CaM mRNA were also localized in themicrospore mother cells, microspores, pollen, antipodal cells, egg cell and central cell.

钙调素mRNA在绒毡层、柱头、花粉管生长途径、退化助细胞以及维管薄壁细胞中大量表达，也可在小孢子母细胞、小孢子、花粉、反足细胞、卵细胞以及中央细胞中检测到。

The structure of both synergids is clear, but the developmental mechanism and the roles during fertilization are not yet understood.

助细胞的形态结构已研究得比较清楚，但有关助细胞的发育机理和它在受精过程中的作用则仍不明确。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。