动电的

As a result, heavy metals are transported directional under the DC electric field. The feasibility of electrokinetic technique in remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil has been demonstrated in this thesis.

论文考察了动电修复技术去除土壤中重金属污染物的可行性并针对该技术中存在的问题提出了阳离子选择透过膜强化的动电修复技术。

Five novel torsion-mirror optical actuators including double-beam thickness differential structure with single torsional axis, double flexible folded-beam structure with single torsional axis, double-beam vertical torsion comb structure with single torsion axis, four-beam differential compound-micromirror structure with double torsional axis and the combined structure of the four basis forms above, are brought forward. All of these devices could be fabricated by the same silicon micromachining process we have developed. The deformation compensation design with local enhancement for the thin torsional beam which is the key structure of these devices is also put forward to improve the reliability. The three-dimension solid model and two-dimension reduced order model of the torsion-mirror optical actuator are established and then the numerical simulations for evaluating the device characteristics of the statics, dynamics, electrostatic field, mechanical and electrostatic coupling, fluid and solid coupling are carried out to optimize the structure design. Furthermore, three optical fibre clamping structures which could be integrated monolithicly are designed and analyzed to improve the optical coupling capability. 4. Three flexible process flows combined with bulk silicon micromachining and surface silicon micromachining are brought forward to fabricate these novel single-crystal silicon or polysilicon torsion-mirror optical actuators by using the same lithography masks for both SOI wafer and regular silicon wafer. A series of important process experiments are carried out to optimize the process parameters and the process flows. Some novel and typical process phenomena which occurred during the microfabrication are analyzed and then the corresponding solutions are put forward. 5. A MEMS dynamic testing system which exploit blur image synthetic technique, stroboscopic image matching technique, stroboscopic mirau microscopic interferometry technique and microscopic laser dopper vibrometer technique is set up to measure three-dimension and six-freedom micro motions of any MEMS devices with nanometer resolution.

在对硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的光机电特性系统地理论研究的基础上提出了硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的结构设计准则。3、提出了单轴双梁厚度差分结构、单轴双柔性折叠梁结构、单轴双梁垂直扭转梳齿结构、双轴四梁差动复合微镜结构以及以上四种基本结构组合后的衍生结构等五种工艺加工技术兼容的新型的硅微机械扭转镜光致动器，对器件关键结构薄厚度、高耐疲劳扭转梁进行了局部加强的变形补偿设计，建立了器件的三维实体模型以及两维降阶模型，对提出的新结构硅微机械扭转镜光致动器进行了系统的静力学、动力学、静电场、力电耦合和流体固体耦合的建模仿真与优化设计，同时设计并分析了三种可实现单芯片集成的弹性光纤定位夹紧结构。4、提出了组合体硅微加工技术与表面硅微加工技术、兼容同一套光刻版图、可分别基于SOI 晶片和普通Si 晶片、适应于制造提出的各种新结构单晶硅和多晶硅硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的三套柔性加工工艺流程，开展了一系列重要工艺步骤的单项工艺试验，对工艺流程与工艺参数进行了优化，针对加工过程中出现的具有普遍意义的典型工艺问题进行了讨论和分析，并提出了解决方法。5、创新性地将模糊图像合成技术、频闪图像匹配技术、频闪Mirau 显微干涉技术与显微激光多普勒测振技术有机结合，建立起了一套周期运动测量与瞬态运动测量相结合、单点运动测量与全视场运动测量相结合、满足不同MEMS 器件各种动态测试要求的集成的MEMS 三维六自由度微运动精密测量系统。

The results show that the equiaxed zone ratio of the casting billet is greatly increased,with its soidification structure is obviously improved,and the momentum values of the electromagnetic forces both parallel to and perpendicular to the direction of the traveling magnetic field pulsate periodically with time.

采用三相通入不同电流的非平衡线性电磁搅拌技术进行了铸坯的静态浇铸实验，并对电磁搅拌过程中钢液内的电磁力各分量的瞬时值进行了理论分析·结果表明，当采用将电磁搅拌器的三相通入不同电流的非平衡线性电磁搅拌时，在钢液内所产生的电磁力是脉动的，其大小呈周期性变化，尤其是垂直于磁场运动方向上的电磁力，其脉动的幅度很大·由此认为，当采用将搅拌器的三相通入不同电流的非平衡线性电磁搅拌时，所产生的垂直于磁场运动方向上的脉动电磁力是提高等轴晶比率，改善铸坯凝固组织的一个重要原

The actuator fixed by four bolts (diameter is 1.7 mm) arranged in an asymmetric rectangle (60°- 90°- 90°- 120°) along the border of a piezo buzzer denominated as "2-3-3-4 mode-shape actuator" can rotate a rotor clockwise or counter clockwise with a line speed up to 400 mm/s under 12 peak-to-peak voltage.

其设计方式有别於其他压电超音波致动器，主要系以四支直径1.7 mm的螺丝依不对称角度60°- 90°- 90°- 120°将蜂鸣片固定於致动器的基座上，称之为2-3-3-4模态致动器。

The influence of the structure and material parameters on static and dynamic characteristics is studied. The three dimensional static analysis is obtained by the power series expansion method for a piezoelectric composite laminates. Three dimensional distribution of bonding stress, displacement and electric potential are presented. The distributions of electric potential across thickness of two kinds piezoelectric materials are discussed.

对于静态问题，采用三维精确解方法，给出了压电层与基体之间剪应力、位移、电势的三维分布图；讨论了工程中常用的两类压电材料在感知和作动情况下沿压电材料厚度方向电势的分布情况，分析了电势可看作线性分布的条件；讨论了压电层和粘结层的厚度及材料特性变化对压电感知和作动效果的影响，并对压电层的厚度作了优化分析。

Substituting the dynamic model of a two-dimensional piezoelectricactuator into laminated piezoelectric plates,this paper transforms a problemof the laminated piezoelectric plates into the superimposition of a pureproblem of classical laminated plates and a pure problem of electrostatics,which gives another method for analyzing laminated piezoelectric plates.Themethod has advantages of simplicity,and practicableness.

将二维压电致动器的动力学模型应用于一般压电层合板结构中，本文将一压电层合板问题转化为一纯的经典层合板力学问题和一纯的静电学问题的简单组合，便给出了另一分析压电层合板的方法。

Based on the variational principle of virtual voltage and virtual displacement derived in this thesis and the classical theory of linear laminated plates, and by using the constitutive equations of elastic piezoelectric materials, and the DKQ quadrilateral plate bending element, the finite element modeling for the fabric reinforced laminated plates with nonlinear voltage-electric strain relationship of piezoelectric actuators has been established for the first time in this thesis. And the expressions for the electric loadings with obvious mechanical meaning and convenient for computation are established, which can be used to the deformation analysis of laminated plates with piezoelectric actuators under specified voltages.

以本文直接导出的压电结构的虚电势—虚位移变分原理为基础，依据经典线性层合板理论和压电弹性体的本构方程，采用基于离散法线假设的DKQ四结点任意四边形薄板弯曲单元，首次建立了考虑非线性电压—电应变关系的含压电致动器的纤维增强型层合板的有限元分析模型，并推导建立了力学意义明确、便于计算的电荷载表达式，可用于指定电压条件下纤维增强型叠层合成板的变形分析。

So the structure and dynamic characteristics of slide valve's plug are studied importantly.

电控液动阀组件是泵—管—电磁阀—嘴式电控喷油系统的核心部件，液动阀的动态特性决定了电喷系统的工作特性。

Intraosseous electric phenomena mainly include piezoelectric effect, electrokinetic effect and bioelectricity.

骨内电现象主要包括压电效应、动电效应和生物电，这些电生理特性被广泛的应用于骨的治疗。

They explain the interaction between these parameters, and help to the design of active vibration control system of piezoelectric smart cantilever beam. On the above, the optimal model with m pairs of PZT sensor/actuator and state equation are established, and the PZT films position/length and the feedback control gain are optimized with the method of moving asymptotes.

在此基础上，本文进一步研究了同位布置多对压电传感/致动元件的悬臂梁关于压电传感/致动单元对的布置、长度和控制增益的优化设计模型，并利用MMA(the method of moving asymptotes)算法对压电片的位置、尺寸和控制增益进行了优化计算。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。