动力系统

We present the fundamental theories of Noether symmetries and conserved quantities of mechanco-electrical dynamical systems, including variation principle of the system, Noether symmetry transformation, Noether quasi-symmetry transformation, generalized Noether quasi-symmetry transformation, Killing equations, Noether theorem, the form of conserved quantity. And then the basic theory of Lie symmetry is advanced, including the determining equation, structure equation and the form of conserved quantity.

给出机电动力系统的Noether对称性和守恒量基本理论，包括系统的变分原理、Noether对称性变换、Noether准对称性变换、广义Noether准对称性变换、Killing方程、Noether定理和守恒量的形式；给出机电动力系统Lie对称性的基本理论，包括确定方程、结构方程以及守恒量的形式。

Many problems of dynamical systems can be reduced to an iterative functional equation or an iterative functional differential equation.

根据系统变化的规律可分为由微分方程描述的连续动力系统和由映射迭代揭示的离散动力系统。

Division of a basin into several fluid dynamic systems is a complex procedure which needs a comprehensive study and inference on tectonics, stratigraphy, temperature, fluid dynamics and fluid geochemistry, and the relation between temperature and pressure. Its main objectives are the vertical division of several systems and determination of influenced area by lateral gravity-driven fluid flow.

而在盆地内进行纵、横向上流体动力系统的划分，是一个基于构造、地层、温度、流体动力和流体化学等方面以及温度-压力关系综合分析的一个十分复杂的资料整理、信息加工和逻辑推理过程，其目的主要是在纵向上把控制油气成藏的不同的流体动力系统分开，在横向上确定重力驱动流侵入的范围。

And control problems such as optimal import rate control, optimal harvesting control, optimal birth control are investigated. By means of nonlinear functional analysis, differential equations, integral equations, and modern control theory, a number of research results are obtained, which are theoretically valuable and provide a solid ground for the practical use of our models.

本文系统讨论了几类年龄依赖的单种群和多种群动力系统，综合应用非线性泛函分析、微分方程、积分方程以及分布参数系统控制论等理论与方法，深入地研究了这些系统的解的存在性、唯一性以及非负有界性；研究了这些种群动力系统的最优输入率、收获率和出生率控制问题，获得了一批重要的理论成果。

Based upon the engine efficiency map and battery internal resistance curve, a real-time control strategy is proposed for parallel hybrid electric vehicles using the load leveling concept and logic threshold approach to control the torque distribution, various operation modes and the dynamical transitions between the modes for the hybrid powertrain.

以发动机稳态效率图和电池的充放电内阻曲线为依据，提出了基于负荷平衡和逻辑门限方法的并联式混合动力汽车实时控制策略，用以控制混合动力系统的转矩分配，实现混合动力系统的不同工作模式以及模式间的动态切换。

The general characterization of subshifts developed in this section reveals the structures of all compact and totally disconnected systems.

第四章定义了乘积符号动力系统的子转移和排除系统，并研究了乘积符号动力系统中子转移与排除系统的关系。

So karst vegetation is charactered by Petrophile, Xerophile and Calciphihe in those areas where soil cover is very thin, and the underground drainage system is well developed. The running of karst ecosystem is controlled by two subsystems, which are karst dynamic system in inorganic life and genetic information transmitting system in organic life.

岩溶生态系统的运行受到两个子系统的联合作用驱动，即无机方面的"岩溶动力系统"和生命方面的"遗传信息传递系统"，但主要受以碳、水、钙循环为中心的岩溶动力系统的控制。

"Hydraulic safety valve" is widely used in hydraulic power systems and hydraulic equipment of safety devices, pressure devices can be limited, is a special valve, which is different from the conventional valve, the traditional use of mechanical valves metal spring as a driving force, can only be limited to low pressure, encountered more BALANCING VALVES than 10Mpa pressure limit pressure can do to increase the volume of pressurized design, the traditional role of the high-pressure valves and high pressure hydraulic power systems and hydraulic equipment The limit pressure of necessity is bulky and complicated structure, difficult to manufacture large, high production costs; in the course of the fatigue of metal spring parameters change fluctuating pressure limiting Ambassador to regular revision to ensure the normal use.

&气动液压安全阀&是目前广泛应用于液压动力系统和液压设备中的安全装置，也可以作限压装置，是一种特殊的阀门，它不同于传统的阀门，传统阀门用机械金属弹簧为动力，只能限中低压力，遇到超过10Mpa以上的压力限压，闸阀只能做加大体积的增压设计，因此传统阀门作用于高压和超高压的液压动力系统和液压设备的限压时必然体积笨重，结构复杂，制造难度大，产品成本高；在使用过程中金属弹簧的疲劳变化大使限压参数波动大，要经常调整才能保证正常使用。

"Hydraulic safety valve" is now widely used in hydraulic power systems and hydraulic equipment in the safety device could also serve as limited pressure device, is a special valve, unlike conventional valves, conventional valves with mechanical metal spring as a driving force, can only be limited to low pressure, the pressure encountered over more than 10Mpa limit pressure can do to increase the volume of the Safety Overflow Valve booster design, the traditional role of the high-pressure valves and high pressure hydraulic power systems and hydraulic equipment The limit pressure of necessity is bulky and complicated structure, difficult to manufacture large, high production costs; in the course of the fatigue of metal spring parameters change fluctuating pressure limiting Ambassador to regular revision to ensure the normal use.

&气动液压安全阀&是目前广泛应用于液压动力系统和液压设备中的安全装置，也可以作限压装置，是一种特殊的阀门，它不同于传统的阀门，传统阀门用机械金属弹簧为动力，只能限中低压力，遇到超过10Mpa以上的压力限压，只能做加大体积的增压设计，因此传统阀门作用于高压和超高压的液压动力系统和液压设备的限压时必然体积笨重，结构复杂，制造难度大，产品成本高；在使用过程中金属弹簧的疲劳变化大使限压参数波动大，要经常调整才能保证正常使用。

Born in March 2005, Fiat Powertrain Technologies is the Fiat Group Company including all the Powertrain activities previously carried on in:-Fiat Group Automobiles-Iveco -Fiat Research Center and Elasis With its annual output of around 3.1 million engines and 2.5 million transmissions and axels, 20,000 employees, 16 plants and 11 research centres in 9 countries, FPT is one of the most significant players in the powertrain sector on a worldwide basis.

关于FPT菲亚特动力科技菲亚特动力科技公司创立于2005年3月，是菲亚特集团旗下专营动力总成的子公司，整合了以下几家公司动力系统方面的业务：-菲亚特集团汽车-依维柯公司-菲亚特研究中心与Elasis公司 FPT菲亚特动力科技是全球汽车动力总成业的佼佼者，其发动机年产量高达310万台，变速器和车桥年产量250万套。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。