加热的

The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of Si3N4 thin film increases with the temperature;under high frequency stage the frequency has apparent effect on the thermal con...

测试结果表明：Si3N4薄膜的热导率随温度的升高而增大；高频段下，热导率受频率影响大，误差大；在低频段下薄膜热导率与频率变化基本无关；基于电子与声子的局部热平衡运输方程假设，S i3N4薄膜的热导率具有极度非平衡性；通过比较电阻、热导率与温度的关系可以看出加热器的尺寸大小会影响薄膜的热导率，最佳加热器的宽度选用20μm左右。

Taking the fiber coupler as represent, aiming at the performanceproblem of the fiber coupler which is used in the market, such as theoptical performance differences of accepted products, technologicaloptimization and stability reflected by the low rate of finished products,how to reduce excess loss, and so on. From the view of manufacture of rheological formation, the research of experiment and theory has beendeveloped. The effects of rheological technological parameters such asdrawing speed and fused temperature on the optical performance,microstructure and the process of rheological formation have beeninvestigated. It is discovered that the present heating mode of combustinggas can\'t satisfy with the rheological manufacturing technological needof high performance fiber devices. A new resistance heating system is putforward, designed and manufactured, and a new fused biconical tapermachine is developed.

论文以光纤耦合器为代表，针对目前市场上广为应用的光纤器件存在的性能问题，如合格产品的光学性能差异，成品率不高所反映的制备工艺优化与稳定问题，如何进一步降低附加损耗等，从光纤耦合器流变成形制造的角度，分析了流变制造工艺参数如拉锥速度与熔融温度及其扰动对流变制造成形过程、微观结构与器件光学性能的影响，发现现有燃烧气体火焰的加热方式不能满足高性能光纤器件的流变制造技术要求，提出、设计并制造了一种新型的电阻加热系统和熔融拉锥机。

The electronic heating evaporator in the high-side gravity recirculation system in ANSI/ASHRAE 64-2500 standard is replaced by a new type plate evaporator which is more effcient and energy-saving, because the cold water outlet from the evaporator that is used to heat the cryogen can be used once again to cool the air in the air inlet trunk; an air processing unit is designed in the lab design, so to imitate all kinds of weather in each season in every location of China at any time the test is being made; the data selection system can send all the data in the test to the computer at one time, and to reduce the cost of the test some data which is more stable are read manually through traditional meters if this can not sacrifice the precision of the test.

本文的设计中用效率更高的新型板式换热器代替了原ANSFASHRAE 64——2500标准中压缩驱动循环系统中的电加热蒸发器，加热冷剂后得到的低温淡水还可以用于冷却进气通道中的空气，不仅提高了效率，而且更加节能；实验室方案中增加了空气处理系统，可以实现随时对全国各地各季节的空气状态进行模拟，方便实验的进行；采用数据采集系统将数据整体采集到电脑中方便数据处理，而且对于变化频率不高相对较为稳定的数据采取传统仪表进行人工读数，在保证测试结果准确性的前提下降低了成本。

In the POPF model, wind farm is modeled by the probabilistic wind farm model considering the reactive power-slip characteristic, and the inequality constraints include not only the unit output constraints, the ratio constraints, the voltage constraints and the line current constraints but also the reactive compensation capacity constraints in wind farm and the system climbing capacity constraints per minute. By introducing the NCP function, the KKT conditions of POPF system are transformed equivalently. Based on the transformed nonsmooth nonlinear algebraic equations, the FOSMM is used to determine the POPF model expressed by the numerical characteristic of variables. The model includes nonsmooth functions, so it can be solved by a semismooth Newton-type method based on the subdifferential.

概率最优潮流模型中，风电场采用考虑无功功率—滑加热器差特性的风电概率模型，不等式约束中除了机组出力约束、有载调压变压器变比约束、电压约束和支路电流约束，也考虑了风电场无功补偿容量约束、系统的分钟级爬坡能力约束；使用非线性互补函数将概率最优潮流的KKT条件转化为一组包含有不光滑函数的非线性代数方程组，然后基于一次二阶矩法确定了以待求量的数字特征表示的POPF模型，由于该模型包含不光滑函数，因此采用基于次微分的半光滑牛顿型方加热器法求解。

According to the observation of the microstructure of small diameter lumber with scan electron microscope, there are many bordered pits of the radial trancheidal wall in the small-diameter Larch, and most of them have pit film. The resin is not only in resin canal, but also in some trancheid and ray parenchyma cells. The drying defects of small-diameter Larch lumbers were the most severe in consecution heating, fluctuating-heats 2h in between, and drying defects were nearly not observed in fluctuating-heats 6h. There is tylosis in the vessel of the heartwood of small-diameter Cathay poplar. The bordered pits of the radial trancheidal wall are dense, and the pits between vessels are alternate, most of them have pit film. Different collapse happened in all the small-diameter Cathay poplar lumbers. The collapse of small-diameter Larch lumbers was the most severe with consecution heating, fluctuating-heats 2h in between, the least with fluctuating-heating 6h.

通过扫描电镜观察发现，小径木落叶松的径壁具缘纹孔数目较多，且多具纹孔膜，小径木落叶松除在树脂道中含有树脂外，在一部分管胞胞腔内以及一些木射线细胞中也含有树脂，在产生缺陷的小径木落叶松锯材中，连续加热方式下锯材的开裂缺陷最为严重，波动2时次之，波动6时几乎没有开裂现象；小径木大青杨心材导管中的层状浸填体含量较多，且径壁具缘纹孔较为密集，管间纹孔呈互列方式，绝大多数纹孔具有纹孔膜，干燥后的小径木大青杨锯材均有不同程度的皱缩现象产生，其中连续加热干燥试验锯材的皱缩现象最严重，波动2时次之，波动6时干燥试验锯材的皱缩缺陷最小。

The main characteristics include: the quiet Sun corona has a rapid response to the flare heating, within 2 second the corona temperature increases nearly one order of magnitude, but later such increase becomes very slowly; the downward velocity at early stage of impulsive phase is too small to be negnected; chromospheric evaporation made by conduction shows some intensely, the maximum evaporated velocity may be as large as 1000 km/s; the chromospheric condensation appears just when the chromospheric evaporation takes place and its place always coincide with that of transition region in the early stage; the maximum of chromospheric condensation occurs also in the early stage of impulsive phase, at which the density in condensation may be larger two order of magnitude than that of surround and the downward velocity may be as large as 100 km/s; after the maximum of chromospheric condensation, its strongth decreases gradually but its width becomes greater with time and have a tendency to transport into deep chromosphere; the front of chromospheric condensation heats atmosphere obviously and the temperature in the chromospheric condensation is higher than the original case; the downware velocity of transition region may be greater than 100 km/s at the early stage; when the evaporated material collide at the top of loop, the densityand the presure there increase rapidly, which result in the formation of a shock wave; and so on.

在改善色球辐射损失和精确分辨过渡区的基础上，通过联立求解连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程，构造了一维磁限制性耀斑环在热沉积作用下的大气动力学模型，获得了耀斑热模型下脉冲相早期较为细致的大气演化理论图象，其主要特征是：耀斑对宁静日冕的加热相当迅速，仅2秒钟日冕温度增加即达一个量级，之后日冕温度增加缓慢；脉冲相早期日冕向下速度很小，几乎可以忽略，热传导驱动色球蒸发，其过程较为激烈，蒸发极大速度可达到1000km/s；色球压缩区与色球蒸发几乎同时形成，且在早期其位置总是与过渡区位置重合；色球压缩极大发生在脉冲相早期，其时密度可高于周围约2个量级，向下速度可超过100km/s；色球压缩极大后，其强度逐渐减弱，但宽度明显增大，且渐渐脱离过渡区往色球传播；压缩区内物质温度要高于原先的大气温度；过渡区下降在脉冲相早期相当迅速，可超过100km/s；当蒸发物质在环顶高速相碰时，环顶的密度、压力迅速增大，且温度也有所增加，导致形成激波，其波面以每秒上百公里的速度自环顶向下传播；在脉冲相前期，日冕软x辐射对色球的加热作用可以忽略；等。

And the feasibility of the two measurement methods is demonstrated.3 Computer simulation is performed in the situation of air passing by a heating columned thermistor through a round pipeline. The fluid velocity and temperature distributions under different mass flowrate are shown. They reflect the impact the heating thermistor has on the fluid. The velocity distribution on the surface of the heating thermistor is studied and the impact of natural convection is revealed. The lower limit of measurement based on the simulation result is given.

仿真实验结果给出了不同空气质量流量下加热元件周围流体的速度和温度分布，直观反映了加热元件对流动产生的影响；研究了发热元件表面流体的速度分布，揭示了由浮升力引起的自然对流对流量测量的影响，给出了测量下限值的仿真结果；并通过仿真实验数据验证了恒功率热消散式热式流量计的流量方程。

The effects of four factors (concentration and the quantity of NaOH,temperature and heating time) on the protein recovery were studied on the base of the analysis of mycelium residue of itaconic acid fermentation.

研究了衣康酸工业化生产中所产生的土曲霉废菌丝体的主要组成成分，用碱液提取的方法进行了蛋白质的提取回收实验，考察了NaOH溶液浓度、用量、加热温度及时间对菌丝体脱蛋白效果的影响，结果表明衣康酸菌体脱蛋白的最优条件为：NaOH液浓度0.5mol/L，碱液用量为菌丝体的40倍，90℃条件下加热9h。

The sharp rising process of the reflectivity was explained quantitatively well based on the model of Auger recombination of high density plasma and Auger-recombination-induced heating to lattice, which showed the heating effect induced by Auger recombination in high density plasma should be the main mechanism of ultra-short laser pulse-induced phase change.

利用高密度等离子体的Auger复合及其感应的晶格加热模型较好地定量解释了反射率从最小到最大的快速变化过程，表明高密度等离子体的Auger复合加热导致的热效应可能是超快激光诱导相变发生的主要机制。

The containment of heat and transfer of maximum heat to the T-bar permits a substantial improvement in thermal efficiency and a substantial reduction of power consumption.

热的保持和对T型杆最大的热传导允许热效率的很大改善和大大减小功率消耗。T型杆的加热边缘用容易替换的特氟隆涂覆的加热槽覆盖。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。