功利主义者

Would he really rely on his absolutist position to justify going beyond the limits of what the utilitarian would admit by way of punishment.

他确实会依赖其绝对主义的观点来证明这样做——即越过功利主义者通过惩罚的方式所认可的界限，并施以比功利主义原则所要求的惩罚更为严厉的惩罚——是正当的？

Some utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham for example, have argued that pleasure and pain are the only things that are of universal intrinsic value; that is, that pleasure and pain are the only things that are valued for themselves, and other things are of value only because they produce pleasure or pain.

对一些功利主义者，例如边沁，认为快乐与痛苦是唯一具有普遍内在价值的；也就是说，快乐和痛苦是对他们自己唯一有价值的东西，其他的东西的价值不过是因为他们生产快乐或痛苦。

The division of positive law and the Natural law is the inevitable result of applying the utilitarianism into legislation.

当我们透过纷繁缠绕的文本和复杂的逻辑论证背后会发现：作为功利主义者的边沁和奥斯丁与其说是将实际存在的法与应当如何的法做了截然二分，还不如说是将功利主义的立法原则付诸实践。

Either punishment must be self-justifying , as the retributivists claim , or it must depend for its justification on something other than itself, the general formula of "utilitarianism" in the wide sense appropriate here .

要么就是报应主义者所主张的惩罚必须通过自身来证明其正当性，要么就是功利主义者在广泛意义上所适用的基本准则，即必须由其他而非惩罚本身的事物来证明其正当性。

He is very down to earth and is a real utilitarian.

他那个人很现实，是个十足的功利主义者。

He was too much of a utilitarian and practically-minded observer .

他是一个十足的功利主义者和实事求是的观察家。

If it provides more interests than drawbacks, genetic enhancement could be supported and could be applied. But if the drawbacks exceed benefits, genetic enhancement must be curded. Taking account of consequences is the perspective of utilitarianism, and hence a good starting for our considerations. Peter Singer, a utilitarian, and his preference utilitarianism and the principle of equal consideration is naturally the best choice for such discussions. His point of view gives weights to the preference of parents, society, and environment and puts the account of interest in genetic enhancement more in focus.

而如果要从利益的多寡来看待基因增强，则以功利主义的角度为出发点就会是相当合适的，因为功利主义在考量一件事情的可行性，就是要考量到所有受到事件影响的事物，当把全部的利益都计算进去，才能够了解这件事所带来的利益是否大於弊端，辛格是一位功利主义者，而且他还著重於每个人偏好的考量，对於地球上所有物种的利益也都平等看待，因此，以他的观点做为本篇论文的论据，在计算基因增强所带来的利弊之外，还能够更贴近每位受到基因增强影响的父母、社会、环境的偏好，将利益的计算考量的更加缜密。

Some, I know, find the political and moral insight of the Utilitarians a very simple one, but we should not mistake this simplicity for superficiality nor forget how favourably their simplicities compare with the profundities of other thinkers.

我知道有人认为功利主义者在政治和道德问题上的见识并不难懂。实际上，他们的观点不是浅陋而是浅显易懂。而且，比起某些思想家的深邃难懂，功利主义者的直白实是一大优点。

The debate between prioritarians and utilitarians takes a curious, even poignant turn in this context.

优先主义者和功利主义者之间的争论在这个背景信息之下引发了奇怪甚至深刻的转向。

Here is why: for utilitarians, punishment is justified only if, by comparison with other alternatives, e.g., treatment, punishment would maximize utility.

这就是原因：对功利主义者来说，只有当惩罚与其他选择例如治疗相比，能最大化功利的时候才被采用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。