功利主义的

The issue is promoted to the human educational value as educational value subjectivity and the standpoint of discussing issue is also changed. In the first two chapters, the objective fact and objective law as educational existing are discussed and this is the objectivity and indisputability of the issue discussed impartially which in some sense exculpate some responsibilities of overweight burden for people. Anyhow, people\'s educational ideas embodied in educational value hidden behind the established educational existing will be analyzed and reflected deeply in this chapter.

再者，笔者在这里要表达对功利主义的教育价值观的强烈不满和对理想主义教育价值观的坚贞不渝，阐明在当今这个物质富足并倡导人本主义价值观的历史时期教育必须坚守的人本立场，坚持教育领域的必要的乌托邦信念和终极意义上的人文关怀，提出淡化外部教育目的、关怀学生的完整生命、拓展生活化的教育场景、倡导终身教育和闲暇教育观念等基本主张，促进学生自由和谐充分全面发展。

Through analyzing the two typical adherents of utilitarianism Gradgrind and Bounderby, as well as the characters around them, it is concluded that utilitarianism destroys and causes these characters' tragic fates.

分析这部小说中两个典型的功利主义信徒―葛擂硬和庞得贝以及他们周围人物，指出功利主义对人性的摧残及其导致这些人物的悲惨性命运。

The second,a nalysing the characteristics of utilitytheory and moral principle,and the oppositive essencebetween them.

功利主义与市场经济社会的要求是契合的，正是在资本主义市场经济条件下，功利主义发展成为一种理论化系统化的思想体系。

The division of positive law and the Natural law is the inevitable result of applying the utilitarianism into legislation.

当我们透过纷繁缠绕的文本和复杂的逻辑论证背后会发现：作为功利主义者的边沁和奥斯丁与其说是将实际存在的法与应当如何的法做了截然二分，还不如说是将功利主义的立法原则付诸实践。

Through the comparison between R. M. Hare's ethic deductive theory and the two versions of rational prescriber's theory, the writer finds that utilitarianism can be derived from a theory of the type of rational choice only if the hypothesis is held that the chooser is in all parties' places with equal probability.

通过比较黑尔的道德推理理论和两个版本的理性立约者理论，可以发现，理性选择论类型的理论，如果要导出功利主义的结论，都需要假定选择者以相等的概率处于有关各方的地位上。

Author puts forward a new concept about regional administrative action for the first time, and analyzes primary seeking of interest that could be inter factor as choice of act through interest analysis way. The result indicates that the seeking self-concern of local government's officials combine the political interest and economic interest faultlessly. There are contorted regional administrative actions by those seeking in Chinese actual state. In order to limit the seeking self-concern of local government's officials, it is necessary to use institutional balance, the fruition of human political experience and existent kingdom, to rectify the regional administrative of local government from the aspect of perfect system.

本文提出区际行政行为的研究，运用利益分析的方法，通过对作为行为选择内因的主体利益追求进行了深入的分析，认为地方政府官员的自利追求，体现了地方政府所追求的政治收益与经济收益的完美结合，在中国现有的制度环境下，催生了扭曲的区际行政行为，从制度完善入手，运用制度制衡这一人类政治经验与生存智慧的结晶，变功利主义的政府行为模式为契约式的行为模式，在宪政制度的责任政府中培养前瞻式的政府管理新理念，从而促进区际政府间合作，矫正地方政府扭曲的区际行政行为。

That the internalized rules of behavior are social in origin does not differentiate this argument decisively from a utilitarian one, in which the source of utility functions is left open, leaving room for behavior guided entirely by consensually determined norms and values--as in the oversocialized view.

被内化的行为规则在被本质上是社会性的，这一点并不是与功利主义的观点完全对立的。在社会化不充分的讨论中，效益的功能是开放性的，它为解释由一致认同的规则和价值来全权指导的行为留有空间——就如同在过度社会化中的观点。

Concerning the management of the government, Locke's ruled by law and Rawls's ruled by law exist a logical development. 4, Concerning the justice, Locke believes the justice of personal right, Mill believes the utilitarianist justice, Rawls believes the pure procedural justice.

4，在正义问题上，到底是坚持形式正义还是实质正义的问题，从洛克的坚持个人权利、法律正义的形式正义，到密尔对功利主义的结果、功利强调而坚持实质正义，再到罗尔斯的形式正义和实质正义的统一，这一发展过程。

He has developed what is useful and discarded what is the bad. Based on another western utilitarianist representative Mill and Japanese Kadou, Liang Qichao has put forward his own utilitarianism ethics: Regarding "loves his heart" as the foundation, he unites being egoistic and the favorable group as one.

但同时，梁启超又不是全盘接受边沁思想，而是对其思想进行了扬弃，在借鉴西方另一功利主义代表穆勒和日本加藤弘之思想的基础上，梁启超提出了他自己的功利主义伦理观：以&爱他心&为基础，把利己与利群相统一起来。

Although it also concerns very much human beings, it looks upon science just as a kind of tool, and emphasizes significance and value of science for the material life of human beings from the angle of tool, but does not think that science even more is a kind of culture, thus possesses very important significance for the cultural life of human beings and the development of human beings themselves, and then, humanistic significance and humanistic value of science have also greatly been ignored.

尽管功利主义的科学观也十分关注人，但是，它将科学仅仅看作是一种工具，并从工具的角度来强调科学对于人的物质生活的意义和价值，而看不到科学更是一种文化，因而对于人的精神生活和人的自身发展同样具有十分重要的意义和价值，于是，也大大忽视了科学的人文意义和人文价值。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。