功利主义的

To accept this point of view is to refuse bureaucratic concept of authority and appreciate administrator's reasonable obedience, to overcome utilitarian ignorance of administrator's"inner interests"with excellent"practice"and take care of administrator's inner sentiments, to abnegate obsession with"control"and prejudice of administrator's autonomy and have eyes on administrator's ethical responsibilities, professional ethics and its construction.

采用这种观念模式，将拒绝制度主义的行政伦理学的规则中心论，主张行政人的道德主体性；拒绝官僚制理论的权威主义观点，主张行政人对制度的合理服从；拒绝功利主义行政伦理学对行政"实践"内在利益的忽视，主张关注行政人的内在感受；拒绝"控权论"对行政专业自主性的敌视，主张研究行政人的伦理责任、职业伦理及其对行政人道德建设的意义。

ChapterⅡreviewed the thoughts with utilitarian style of two great thinkers——Bentham and Beccaria, the representatives of classical school of crime. Although their research can not be considered modern economic research, their thoughts contained the essence of economics of crime, and their studies have laid a solid theoretical foundation of modern deterrent theory for the subsequent economic research on deterrence.

本章首先回顾了具有浓厚功利主义风格的两位古典犯罪学派代表人物贝卡里亚和边沁的研究，他们的研究尽管不能被认为是现代经济学的研究，但他们深刻的思想却包含着经济学的很多精髓，而且，他们的研究为后来的犯罪经济学理论研究尤其是威慑理论奠定了坚实的理论基础，也是现代经济学威慑理论的思想源头。

The important point for our present purposes is that one can remain unpersuaded by the utilitarian conception of the good and the right , yet stand prepared to endorse certain institutional arrangements that work to at least some person's benefit and to no one's detriment , on the ground either that rational self-interested persons would consent to such arrangements or that certain of these arrangements respect or are required by a deeper commitment to individual liberty or autonomy .

对于我们当前的目的来讲，重要的一点是"好"与"对"的功利主义观念仍不能说服人，而特定制度上的安排需要去支持，这些安排至少为一些人的利益而服务，而不会让人受损害，在普通人中，也许理性自利人会赞成这样的安排或这样安排下的某一特定方面，也许被要求进一步为个人的自由或独立而献身。

It is only a society of equals which can choose the life it will live, which can choose to forgo gross luxury and base utilitarianism in return for the unwearying pleasure of tasting the fulness of life.

们可以选择其想要的生活，只有人们能够选择放弃世俗的奢华以及卑劣的功利主义、而回归到品味生活的充实所带来的永不令人厌倦的欢乐之时，才能称作一个平等的社会。

Makonde carving c.1974:Emphasis on performance art: An extension of the utilitarianism and three-dimensionality of traditional African art is the fact that much of it is crafted for use in performance contexts, rather than in static ones.

Makonde雕刻c.1974：对表演艺术的重点：对功利主义和四分之三的非洲传统艺术维度扩展的是，其中大部分是制作的情况下使用的性能，而不是静态的。

Chinese Pop Art in the early 90s, described as Living Pop art, has a clear signification and concept. The Gandy Art (from 1995 and later) however turned into a more formalist art. It lacks an avant-garde approach and has no references to daily life anymore. Also it has a Benthamistic and pragmatistic character: being more business oriented to the Western art market.

中国90年代的波普艺术统属于生活波普。90年代初的生活波普与后来的艳俗艺术有些差异性，前者的意指和观念都很明确，后者却是一种形式主义的东西，缺乏现实生活的参照系，有功利主义和实用主义的倾向。

In order to provide a theory of justice as a viable alternative to the dominating Utinitarianism, Rawls finds the way for researches and arguments in the tradition of social contract. In section two, contract and its features in the tradition of social contrct are analyzed and the reasons for Rawls to readopt this waning contratarianism to work out his theory of justice are concluded.

这一章分为两个小节，第一节介绍了罗尔斯所论正义是针对社会基本结构的一套权利与义务的分配原则，为了提出一套能对处于支配地位的功利主义进行可行替代的正义原则，罗尔斯从社会契约论的传统中找到研究和论证的工具。

But in mode-rn China,the concept of values also has serious deficiency anddefectiveness.On the part of the disputations on obligationand utilitarianism,the incompleteness on utilitarianism makesit mooching among law of utility and theory of duty.

就&义利之辩&而言，功利主义发育不完全，人们常常徘徊于功利论和道义论二者之间；并且，由于近代中国价值观在整体上是基于政治的、社会的问题所作的探讨，主要的不是为市场经济的确立所进行的阐述和辩护，因而在建构经济伦理上没有更大的作为。

The criticism is endlessly quibbled over details; and is lack of a kind of systematical instruction of theory. While the criticism ignored procedural Vance orient that must be obeyed in devising retrial procedure. The criticism coming from the practical circles possesses certain utilitarianism flavors.

但这些批评过分地纠缠于一些细节，忽视了设计再审程序所应遵循的程序价值取向，缺乏一种较为系统的理论基础的指导，实务界的责难更多的带有一定的功利主义色彩。

On the basis of that, I try to put forward the representation and the causes of the crisis of the general education of our modern country. It is the instrumental logos and the utilitarian educational values that make the education and the playful lives of the children separate and cause people only to stand on the point of the adults which makes the phenomena of children' hating to go to school and playing truant happen often. Most of them regard the study as a kind of activity full of difficulties.

在此基础上，考察了当今我国基础教育危机的表现及其产生根源，指出由于工具理性思维范式和功利主义教育价值观甚嚣尘上，使人们往往固着于成人世界的视域，割裂了教育与儿童游戏的生活世界的联系，从而导致某种程度的儿童厌学、逃学、视学习为&苦差&等现象的发生。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。