功利主义的

Starting with Jiang Jieshi 's culture inside information, author analyses his benthamism attitude to the culture and uses "The Older, The Newer" to generalize it. In this way, the author introduces the reason of the theme selection.

笔者从蒋介石的文化功底谈起，分析了他对文化的功利主义态度，并在蒋介石的演讲中提取了"历久弥新"一词，作为对其文化观的概括，从而再现了这一论题在笔者思维中的形成过程。

Part 2 - The Case for Cannibalism: Sandel introduces the principles of utilitarian philosopher, Jeremy Bentham, with a famous nineteenth century law case involving a shipwrecked crew of four. After nineteen days lost at sea, the captain decides to kill the cabin boy, the weakest amongst them, so they can feed on his blood and body to survive.

第2部分：Sandel介绍了功利主义哲学家Jeremy Bentham的原则，用了一个著名的案例：一艘失事船支，有四个人，在十九天后，船长决定杀死他们中间最弱小的一个人，以便其他人可以喝他的血、吃他的肉，然后得以继续活下去。

In this chapter, the two ultimate moral standard utilitarianism and deontology are discussed, and on this base my own ultimate moral standard is set up, it is to say, to promote the social existence and consummate moral characters and promote the moral ambit of people. According to this standard, we testify the moral rationality socially and individually.

本章考察了功利主义和道义论两大道德终极标准理论，并在此基础上确立了自己的道德终极标准，即促进社会的存在和发展并完善人的道德人格和提升人的道德境界，根据此标准从社会和个人两方面对诚信的道德合理性进行了确证。

R.B Brandt is the most influential ethicist in the second half of the 20th century. The utilitarianism thought reflected in his ripe works "A Theory of the Good and the Right"has already become an important ethical theory nowadays.

R·B·布兰特是20 世纪后半叶最具影响力的伦理学家，他成熟的作品《善与正当的理论》所反映出的功利主义思想已成为当今一种重要的伦理学理论。

Third, generalisation and demonstration of the robustness of the effects noted in this study require considering other monetary and non-monetary promotions, and replication in other utilitarian and hedonic products.

第三，就其他金钱和非货币的促进而论，作用的强壮的概念化和示范在这项研究中注意的要求和在其他功利主义和快乐产品的复制。

According to hedonistic utilitarianism , a good action is one that results in an increase in pleasure , and the best action is one that results in the most pleasure for the greatest number.

据享乐主义功利主义，一个好的行动，是在一个快乐的增加的结果，最好的行动就是一个最快乐的结果为最多。

Its germinate may trace back to Demokritos" and Epicurean hedonism of ancient Greek. It has passed through several stages. To 17 century"s Hobbes and Bacon and 18 centurys Locke, Claude Arien Helvetius, Holbach, Hume and Smith etc., utilitarianism is formed initially. As is well known, its mature statesmen are Bentham and Mill.

它的萌芽可以上溯到古希腊时期德谟克利特和伊壁鸠鲁的快乐主义学说；中间经历了若干个发展阶段，到17世纪的霍布斯、培根及18世纪以后的洛克、爱尔维修以及霍尔巴赫、休谟和斯密等人处，功利主义理论才初步形成；而它的集大成者，众所周知是英国思想家、经济学家边沁和密尔。

The new human nature is emerging: Peoples competition consciousness, equal democratic consciousness, reform and innovate consciousness are becoming more and more obvious. Such some bad social ideological trends as mammonism, individualism, utilitarianism, etc. have appeared and have caused the society out of order.

中国传统的人性观受到了冲击，新的体现时代特点的人性正在崛起，人的主体意识、竞争意识、平等民主意识、改革创新意识越来越明显，但也出现了拜金主义、个人主义、功利主义等一些不良的社会思潮，导致了社会出现了某种混乱与无序。

On this reading, it is not difficult to reconcile his utilitarianism with his liberal justice.

这正是密尔的自由正义思想的不同凡响之处。也正是在这个基础上，他的功利主义与其自由的正义达到了某种程度的一致。

The former are illustrated by the debate in ethics between the utilitarians, the ethical egoists, and deontologists like Kant, the latter by the debate in value theory about the good—whether it is pleasure, excellent activity, virtue, self-realization, etc.

前者在功利主义、道德的利己主义与象康德的道义论之间的道德规范辩论中被举例说明，后者在价值理论关于好——是否它是愉快、优秀活动、美德、自我实现等等的探讨中被讨论。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。