功利主义

What moral, as distinguished from practical, objection could there be on utilitarian grounds to the staged trials or to the shooting of the innocent pour encourager lesautres ?

对于所导演的审判或枪毙无罪者，根据功利主义的理由，会有什么样的道德上的——有别于实践的——异议？

R.B Brandt is the most influential ethicist in the second half of the 20th century. The utilitarianism thought reflected in his ripe works "A Theory of the Good and the Right"has already become an important ethical theory nowadays.

R·B·布兰特是20 世纪后半叶最具影响力的伦理学家，他成熟的作品《善与正当的理论》所反映出的功利主义思想已成为当今一种重要的伦理学理论。

The issue is promoted to the human educational value as educational value subjectivity and the standpoint of discussing issue is also changed. In the first two chapters, the objective fact and objective law as educational existing are discussed and this is the objectivity and indisputability of the issue discussed impartially which in some sense exculpate some responsibilities of overweight burden for people. Anyhow, people\'s educational ideas embodied in educational value hidden behind the established educational existing will be analyzed and reflected deeply in this chapter.

再者，笔者在这里要表达对功利主义的教育价值观的强烈不满和对理想主义教育价值观的坚贞不渝，阐明在当今这个物质富足并倡导人本主义价值观的历史时期教育必须坚守的人本立场，坚持教育领域的必要的乌托邦信念和终极意义上的人文关怀，提出淡化外部教育目的、关怀学生的完整生命、拓展生活化的教育场景、倡导终身教育和闲暇教育观念等基本主张，促进学生自由和谐充分全面发展。

But if some kind of very crueI crime becomes common, and none of the criminals can be caught, it might be highly expedient, as an example, to hang an innocent man, if a charge against him could be so frame that he were universally thought guilty; indeed this would only fail to be an ideal instance of utilitarian 'punishment' because the victim himself would not have been so likely as a real felon to commit such a crime in the future ; in all other respects it would be perfectly deterrent and therefore felicific.

但是如果有些非常残忍的犯罪成为常见，并且没有一个被抓获，这是有利的，例如，吊死一个无辜的人，如果对他的指控的诬陷程度可以使普遍的人认为他有罪的；事实上，这将成为一个证明功利主义惩罚失败的例子，因为再将来，受害人自己不可能犯此种重罪；在所有的其它方面中，他是最好的威慑因此能带来最多的幸福。

Xie Kuo is the utilitarian ideologist with famous period of the Southern Song Dynasty, to be being weighed lineally feudality the principle did this curb end the first to deny directly.

叶适是南宋时期著名的功利主义思想家，第一个对封建正统的重本抑末原则做了直接否定。

Third, generalisation and demonstration of the robustness of the effects noted in this study require considering other monetary and non-monetary promotions, and replication in other utilitarian and hedonic products.

第三，就其他金钱和非货币的促进而论，作用的强壮的概念化和示范在这项研究中注意的要求和在其他功利主义和快乐产品的复制。

This thesis points out the criticism on Mao Dun has political utility color in mainland literature and overseas researchers. And this thesis also retorts the ideas such as subject advance and graphic solution politics.

大陆文学主流意识与海外研究者群体对于茅盾的评价，特别是海外研究者中那种"《子夜》主题先行、图解政治"的观点，都有不同程度的政治功利主义色彩。

From the start, the hedonism in classic utilitarianism was treated with contempt.

从一开始，在古典功利主义享乐主义是蔑视。

According to hedonistic utilitarianism , a good action is one that results in an increase in pleasure , and the best action is one that results in the most pleasure for the greatest number.

据享乐主义功利主义，一个好的行动，是在一个快乐的增加的结果，最好的行动就是一个最快乐的结果为最多。

Its germinate may trace back to Demokritos" and Epicurean hedonism of ancient Greek. It has passed through several stages. To 17 century"s Hobbes and Bacon and 18 centurys Locke, Claude Arien Helvetius, Holbach, Hume and Smith etc., utilitarianism is formed initially. As is well known, its mature statesmen are Bentham and Mill.

它的萌芽可以上溯到古希腊时期德谟克利特和伊壁鸠鲁的快乐主义学说；中间经历了若干个发展阶段，到17世纪的霍布斯、培根及18世纪以后的洛克、爱尔维修以及霍尔巴赫、休谟和斯密等人处，功利主义理论才初步形成；而它的集大成者，众所周知是英国思想家、经济学家边沁和密尔。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。