功利主义

Therefore,this traditional morality can play its role in practical life on one hand,namely,the gains-pursuing and perceptual desire are kept on the right track;but on the other hand,it is characterized by "cheating strangers","heteronomy"," non-purity ",favors "talents' foresight" and has lost its intrinsic characters: rational consciousness,emotional willingness and saintliness.

在对这些问题的回答上，显现出两种不同的思路，并由此形成了人类伦理文化长河中的两大传统：重功利的功利主义伦理传统与重道义的道义论伦理传统，它们反映了人类的两种价值选择倾向。前者我们称其为功利主义伦理传统，后者我们称其为道义论伦理传统。数千年来，这两大传统相互砥砺契合，共同融铸了人类的伦理道德精

Therefore, this traditional morality can play its role in practical life on one hand, namely, the gains-pursuing and perceptual desire are kept on the right track; but on the other hand, it is characterized by "cheating strangers","heteronomy","non-purity", favors "talents' foresight" and has lost its intrinsic characters: rational consciousness, emotional willingness and saintliness.

道义论遮蔽下的功利主义道德传统，一方面使道义论的道德要求能够在现实生活中得到践履和发挥作用，另一方面使现实生活中的功利追求、感性欲望被控制在道义、理性的轨道上。但是，道义论遮蔽下的功利主义道德传统带有某种"欺生性"、"他律性"、"非纯洁性"的特点，成为"聪明人的远虑"，失去了道德固有的理性自觉、情感自愿的特质。

The famous hypothesis of 'economic being' of western economics is based on contradictions between egoism and altruism, between individualism and entirety; contemporary western economic ethical thought is also represented by conflicts among utilitarianism, non-utilitarianism and the like, the conflict of unrestraint and state interf...

西方经济学著名的经济人假设，其立论基础存在着"利己"与"利他"、"个人主义"和"整体主义"的矛盾；西方经济伦理思想在当代还表现为功利主义与非功利主义的诸正义形式伦理的矛盾、自由放任与国家干预的矛盾、经济公正与政治公正的矛盾，正是在这些矛盾的展开中体现了当代西方经济伦理思想的发展与变化。

First, everyone's weightiness of the welfare in the social welfare function is the same.

依照功利主义的社会福利函数，本文认为城乡基础设施的均等化要遵循如下两条：其一，均等地看待每一个人的福利函数，即在社会福利函数中，赋予每一个人均等的权重，这是功利主义的基本观点。

If utilitarianism is wron9, a proponent of economic analysis has a choice : He or she can either abandon the normative use of the Pareto criteria in favor of a nonutility — based efficiency criterion or try to construct nonuti1itarian normative arguments for the Pareto criteria ...

如果功利主义是错误的，那么经济学分析的支持者就有了一个选择：即或是为了非效用基础效率标准，他或她可以抛弃帕累托标准的规范用途，或是为了帕累托规范构建非功利主义规范的观点。

If we can further clarify recognition on the mainstream literary views by standing on the entrance of the modern literature, we can more exactly, thoroughly examine and summarize literary views by observing the transformation of the mainstream literary views and the mainstream literature The dissertation holds that the most original reason on the unmaturity of the 20th-C Chinese literary modernity is just the utilitarian literary functional view.

如果说在现代文学的入口处，可以对主流文学观念的发生有更清楚的认识，那么通过三十年代以后主流文学观念和主流文学的流变，可以更准确、全面地观察、总结出功利主义的文学观念所带来的弊端。本文认为，功利主义的文学功用观是造成二十世纪中国文学现代性不成熟状态的主要原因。

As a leading philosopher in the utilitarianist ethics,Mill s main thoughts on ethics has a profound influence,particularly when he refers to "the greatest welfare for the majority of the people" with qualitative and quantitative differentiation as a principle for ethics,which adds much weight to utilitarianism.

作为功利主义伦理思想的代表人物，穆勒的道德学说影响深广，尤其是他将有质和量的差别的&最大多数人的最大幸福原则&作为道德原则，为功利主义画上浓墨重彩的一笔。

His utilitarianist ethics have been infuenced by the west utilitarianism represented by Bentham to a large degree, namely emphasis on "egoistic", and emphasis on "egoistic" beyond "profitable group". But at the same time, he does not accept Bentham's thought totally.

作为在历史上颇具影响力的一位思想家，梁启超许多观念都带上了西方观念的色彩，他的功利主义伦理观在很大程度上就受到了西方功利主义思想的代表－边沁的影响，即重视&利己&，并强调在&利群&之上的&利己&。

He has developed what is useful and discarded what is the bad. Based on another western utilitarianist representative Mill and Japanese Kadou, Liang Qichao has put forward his own utilitarianism ethics: Regarding "loves his heart" as the foundation, he unites being egoistic and the favorable group as one.

但同时，梁启超又不是全盘接受边沁思想，而是对其思想进行了扬弃，在借鉴西方另一功利主义代表穆勒和日本加藤弘之思想的基础上，梁启超提出了他自己的功利主义伦理观：以&爱他心&为基础，把利己与利群相统一起来。

If it provides more interests than drawbacks, genetic enhancement could be supported and could be applied. But if the drawbacks exceed benefits, genetic enhancement must be curded. Taking account of consequences is the perspective of utilitarianism, and hence a good starting for our considerations. Peter Singer, a utilitarian, and his preference utilitarianism and the principle of equal consideration is naturally the best choice for such discussions. His point of view gives weights to the preference of parents, society, and environment and puts the account of interest in genetic enhancement more in focus.

而如果要从利益的多寡来看待基因增强，则以功利主义的角度为出发点就会是相当合适的，因为功利主义在考量一件事情的可行性，就是要考量到所有受到事件影响的事物，当把全部的利益都计算进去，才能够了解这件事所带来的利益是否大於弊端，辛格是一位功利主义者，而且他还著重於每个人偏好的考量，对於地球上所有物种的利益也都平等看待，因此，以他的观点做为本篇论文的论据，在计算基因增强所带来的利弊之外，还能够更贴近每位受到基因增强影响的父母、社会、环境的偏好，将利益的计算考量的更加缜密。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。