功利主义

Starting from the right of equality, Rawls animadverts utilitarianism and substitutes it for "two principles as fairness and justice" in which rational people choose under the "original position", and thinks everyone should be equal and people should distribute wealth according to "the principle of justice as fairness", unless you have the enough reasons that can justify everyone should be unequal. He understands the distributive object as a series of public resources and systems of liberty, including the positions and offices, opportunity, natural endowment, honor, safety, freedom of life and action, freedom of thought and conscience. The aims of distributive principle of justice are to realize rational distribution of these public resources in a cooperative and well-ordered society. Starting from inalienable rights of man, Nozick thinks that everyone should be unequal, unless you have sufficient reasons that can justify everyone should be equal and without the consent of the individual, others can not infringe upon his property and rights with any excuses. He advances the justice of "holding" with a theory of qualification and entitlement, and maintains individual economic and free rights and the right of property.

罗尔斯从平等的权利出发，通过&原初状态&下的理性人自主选择&公平正义的两个原则&来取代功利主义，认为除非有充足理由证明应当不平等，否则就应当平等，并根据公平的正义原则分配公共资源和自由体系，包括职务、机会、天赋、荣誉、安全、人生行动自由、思想自由和良心自由等，&分配的正义观&就是要实现这些公共资源在一个合作且秩序良好的自由体系里的合理分配；诺齐克从人的不可剥夺的权利出发，认为除非你有充足理由证明应当平等，否则就应当不平等，没有个体的同意，任何人也不能以任何借口侵犯他的财产和权利，通过&资格&理论确立&持有&的正当性，维护个人的经济自由权利和财产权利。

An application that is not tied to utilitarianism is that different treatments of different people must be justified by adducing some morally relevant ground for different treatment.

没有被栓对功利主义的应用是必须通过举例另外治疗的一些道德上相关的地面辩解另外人民的不同的治疗。

Starting from the right of equality, Rawls animadverts utilitarianism and substitutes it with "two principles as fairness and justice", and thinks everyone should be equal and people should distribute wealth according to the principle of justice as fai...

罗尔斯从平等的权利出发，主张用&公平正义的两个原则&来取代功利主义，认为除非有充足理由证明应当不平等，否则就应当平等。

A soldier who allows his own thoughts of consequentialist morality to persuade him not to go over the top would likely find himself court-martialled and even executed.

一个允许自己被功利主义道德说服，不去跳过战壕开始战斗的有思想的战士，很可能被军事法庭审判甚至处决。

However,they have also become an important factor that lead to the practice of extorting confession by torture.

这背后有国家、社会、个人三重利益的强力支持，有功利主义价值观的伦理支撑。

Thirdly, when hackling happiness ethics thoughts of china and western countries, we find Chinese virtues which have been transferred for thousands of years being striked by what is called western modern civilization.

特别是现代社会人们的物质生活水平蒸蒸日上，仿佛人们更有理由来摒弃传统理性的道德约束，本文的内在思想逻辑就是希冀在快乐主义、禁欲主义、功利主义和消费主义等等林林总总的幸福思想和幸福理想中寻找一个能够体现人之为人之本性的内在线条。

But the aesthetic choice of utilitarianism resulting from misjudging national situation made the right idea fail to be implemented in practice. The experience and lesson from this shows that social overall development need the support of fairness and justice value.

然而，由于误判国情所导致的功利主义的伦理选择，使得这种正确理念未能在实践中贯彻，其中反映的经验教训表明，社会统筹发展离不开公平正义的价值支持。

But in mode-rn China,the concept of values also has serious deficiency anddefectiveness.On the part of the disputations on obligationand utilitarianism,the incompleteness on utilitarianism makesit mooching among law of utility and theory of duty.

就&义利之辩&而言，功利主义发育不完全，人们常常徘徊于功利论和道义论二者之间；并且，由于近代中国价值观在整体上是基于政治的、社会的问题所作的探讨，主要的不是为市场经济的确立所进行的阐述和辩护，因而在建构经济伦理上没有更大的作为。

The second advocation of revolutionary literature and the outspreading of proletariat literary movement in the year of 1928 indicated the finish of the conversion.

文学革命强烈的功利主义倾向决定了它只能作为启蒙思潮的附着物而存在。

By reconstructing metaphysics and reasserting teleology, Kant attempts to restrain the extension of mechanism and utilitarianism in order to prevent the overspreading of modernity.

康德试图通过形而上学的重建以及目的论的重倡来遏制功利主义和机械主义的蔓延，以阻止现代性的过度扩张。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。